This paper is aims to review the book entitled Review of History: What and Why? byBeverley Southgate. Our findings show that this book is not an original work which contains speculations of the author, but it is an elementary text book about one of the most important questions of the philosophy of History, i. e. Does History have any kind of objectivity? In a good manner, he gathered views of the former as well as the latter. Also, he shows that how the History, as a disciplines affected by other fields of humanities. Its language is simple and has a logical structure. But relativistic and subjectivist approach of the author is one of the challenging aspects of this book in Iranian philosophical atmosphere. This book is old and its subject matters are very limited.

The book “, History and Theory in Anthropology”,by Alan Barnard, a leading researcher and author of anthropological studies, especially anthropology in South Africa is among valuable works in the field of anthropology. In this book, he examines the theoretical nature of anthropology throughout History and the views of prominent scholars and thinkers of this science and their comparisons, as well as the rooting of theories and schools of thought presented in the field of anthropology. The purpose of this book is to examine the pioneering views of anthropological studies, evolution in all its dimensions, the theory of disseminators in cultural areas, functionalism and structural functionalism, pragmatic theories, processing, and Marxist views, various aspects of relativism, structuralism and post-structuralism, postmodernist views and recent interpretations. Although this work should be regarded as an overview of anthropological theories and related problems since it lacks the details of theorists, approaches, and ideas, its very briefness of the terms and contents, its conceptual clarity and explanation have been diminished and it requires revisions.

The under review book of Homo Deus, A Brief History of Tomorrow, is the second part of the trilogy of Sapiens, Homo Deus, and 21 Lessons for the 21st Century were all written by Yuval Noah Harari. In this book, the writer has first reviewed the History behind the formation of the human mindset from Paleolithic to the renaissance with particular emphasis on the scientific revolution and appearance of the humanism paradigm and its subdivisions (liberalism, socialism, and fascism). Doing so, he concluded that the invention of the internet of everything and using more sophisticated computer-generated algorithms by Google and Facebook (Dataism) would eventually put humans aside forever. The writers of this critique compared the Farsi translation with the English one and realized that some parts of the Farsi version suffer from improper translation, and some other parts have been deleted during the translation. In addition to that, it is probable that human societies might escape from the illustrated dark future by Harari. Learning from past events, and more importantly, using our global consciousness, which we possess more than ever, might change the inevitable future.

Why, how and when does the thought of Universal History start? What process does it go through? What effects does it have on historiography in each stage? What effects and consequences does globalization of History have on the field of philosophy of History and historiography? This article is a brief deliberation on these subjects.

History of Medicine: History or Medicine? What is the meaning of this question? The History of medicine has two important parts: one is its historical impact, discussing History, and the second part is medicine, discussing medical issues. Also, there are many other related fields like archeology, linguistics, traditional medicine, etc. that are involved in medical History. Therefore, it is clear that History of medicine is a multi-disciplinary major. But which major is the main one and other disciplines help it? Does the History of medicine belong to medical sciences or social sciences? Worldwide, the major of History of medicine is classified both as a medical major in schools of medicine (ex. John Hopkins University) and as a History major in social sciences schools (mostly as a division of History of science). Therefore, it is a conflict and both disciplines, medical and social sciences claim to be the owner of this major. Also, there are different research methods in social sciences that try to define medical History studies according to them. I do not aim to analyze and criticize these methods...

The term of narrative is one of the most important aspects of literature that has involved the minds of many scholars in the field of literary criticism in recent decades. But in the History of Iranian literature, "historiography" and historical works were considered literary works per se. Because the secretaries, the scholars and the writers involved in writing History and one of the most important foundation of historiography for them has been familiarity with the art of writing and skill in literary techniques. From the middle of the fourth century onwards, independent of Arabic rhetorical treatises, Persian rhetoric books were gradually written. So historical treatises are also criticized. An important book on the History of Bal'ami related to the fourth century, written by Bal'ami and the History of Tha’, alebi, apparently written by a theologian. In terms of the type of narrative, style and context, the use of narrative components is a clear example of the change or how the use of rhetorical industries has changed in this century. The present article analyzes the differences between the narratives in these two works in terms of narrative components, such as perspective, the extent of using dialogue as a driving component of the plot and metaphor, and other narrative components based on the opinions of new critics in the field of narrative.

History of ideas which deals with explanation and evolution of ideas during History can be considered as part of, or similar to, intellectual History. Unlike Lovejoy, Quentin Skinner analyzes "idea" in the historical and social conditions. Although these two fields of study belong to discipline of History, they have used in political thought too. Meanwhile, Cambridge school of thought, and specially Skinner, has tried to bridge between analytic and continental philosophy in one hand, and between Textualism and Contextualism on the other hand. This could be called "The third way" or "confluence of Textualism and Contextualism". Using "the third way", It seems that (Islamic and Iranian) political studies could overcome detects of the two ways.

A creative art work is the product of a close interaction between the unconscious and conscious mind. Artists create their works of art by drawing on their intuitive understanding of the world and the tools and methods at their disposal. This paper studies the genetic criticism and the factors that are most important in shaping this approach. Because of the scope of the debate on this subject, we have narrowed down the theoretical section of this paper to a discussion of Freud’s theory of unconscious. The process of creating works of art is a production of the confluence of three histories in the artist’s mind: (1) the History of the world around the art that forms the collective (un-) conscious of the society and has a significant role in the formation of the unity of the context from which the work emerges; (2) the art History which is vital in the inter textual approaches; (3) the personal History of the artist that forms the individual (un-)conscious and develops the individuality of the work of art. This article looks at the psychological theories that help develop a critical model for interpretation of these three histories in relation to the genesis of an artwork.

The importance of historiography and its effect on different dimensions of the society's political, social, and economic life highlights the necessity of its popularization for different strata of the society. Researchers have studied solutions for this society's needs. One of those solutions is "Alternative History", which tries to challenge probable and parallel historical route of events in historical points of divergence. In fact, the upcoming events after this divergence illustrate a new world by challenging the present world's political-economic conditions. This technique, due to its potential characteristics, is of useful applications in historiography. Some of those characteristics are attracting the public, improving the fantasy and reason power of the public in thinking about the past, presenting novel shapes of social realities and shaping historical thinking, and improving the historical memory of the society. This is library research and was prepared using descriptive analysis and investigates the necessity of socialization of History, Alternative History and its appearance, development, and applications in the History popularization.