After the birth of the “cytogenetics” in 1956 and its application in medicine in 1959 as valuable tool for the diagnosis of congenital diseases caused by chromosomal abnormalities, its limitations persuades the investigators to discover and employ “banding” techniques. This method could overcome many pre-existing problems and limitations but was not diagnostic especially when tissue culture was not possible due to tissue necrosis or in microdeletions. Fortunately, Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) could prevail over many of the aforementioned limitations but it could not evaluate necrosed tissues since it required a specific probe for each disease. Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) is a new technique which enables us to study both necrosed and viable tissues. Another advantage of this method is the ability to study the whole genome and assess any decrease or increase in the chromosome material. This technique is currently regarded as the best and most efficient. Since stillbirths and viable or necrosed curettage specimens comprise most of the referred specimens to Kariminejad & Najmabadi Pathology and Genetic Center and evaluation of the specimens with a special focus on chromosomal aberrations are required by clinicians, we have equipped our center with technical equipment and experienced cytogenetic technicians. In the end, two cases whose definite diagnoses were made using FISH and Array CGH are presented.

Chromosome microarray is being suggested and replacing karyotype as first tier diagnostic test for individuals with unexplained developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), or multiple congenital anomalies (MCA). Chromosome microarray gives a diagnostic yield of 15-20% for genetic testing of individuals with DD/ID, ASD or MCA compared to 3% in karyotype (excluding Down syndrome and other recognizable chromosomal syndromes). We present the results of chromosome microarray performed on 110 individuals with DD/ID, ASD or MCA. From the 110 cases, 23 cases (20.9%) showed copy number variations, of which 13 were deletions, 5 were duplication and 5 were duplication and deletion. The limitations of chromosome microarray are for detection of balanced translocation and low-level mosaicism, but these chromosomal abnormalities are rare causes of abnormal phenotypes in this category of patients.

Translation scholars are in the belief that when a hybrid text gets translated, its elements, whether hybrid or non-hybrid, undergo certain changes. The present study, thus, endeavours to probe into the nature of these changes. In other words, it attempts to illustrate what fates elements of a hybrid text are to encounter in the process of translation.Exploring an English hybrid text taken from immigrant literature along with its translation into Persian revealed that in the process of translation, some of the elements of the hybrid text remain intact and are transferred to the target text without any change; i.e. they preserve their original hybrid or non-hybrid quality. However, certain other elements undergo changes which we classified under the three categories of Hybridization, deHybridization and reHybridization.

According to the research conducted by literary scholars and linguists, the word loses its semantic influence and capability over time due to its application within a specific linguistic system, turning into a somewhat routine phenomenon. To resurrect and enrich words, the litterateur or poet allows them to undergo paradigmatic and syntagmatic processes, granting a kind of freshness and new life to them by placing a word from one conceptual family next to one from another. Furthermore, this displacement of words adopts a modern form of power and function. Known as Hybridization, this is a prominent process in literature. In the Kurdish literature, Sherko Bekas has employed this art particularly widely. This descriptive-analytical research seeks to analyze Hybridization in Sherko Bekas’ poetry. The poet has created art by utilizing the technique in several semantic areas relevant to man, his occupation and conditions, religious, tools and instruments in his life, nature, language and literature, music, abstract and non-abstract concepts and time-space. He has thus granted greater power to his language of poetry and developed a new language. He has also provided man and the domains of poetry and nature with particular significance in that regard.

This research was carried out to produce interspecific hybrid seeds between the two speCIes of Lolium, L. perenne and L. rigidum. Crossing was done on both single plants in the field and cut flowering stems in laboratory. Immature seeds were collected on the stems in the laboratory after twenty days. These were cultured on MS medium after sterilization. Enough hybrid seedlings were raised on the medium in the laboratory. When the seedlings grown to four leaves stage, they were transferred to plastic pots containing steam sterilized soil. These pots were covered by plastic bags for two weeks for acclimatization. Then the pots were kept in a growth chamber for two months. After complete establishment, the plants were transplanted to the field. Intermediate behaviors were observed on the adult hybrid plants.

In order to investigate the possibility of intergeneric hybrid production through artificial crossing between Hordeum spontaneum and Scale cereal, this study was done in Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Seeds of S. cereal were planted in pots. Before maturity of pollens and natural pollination, anthers were omitted to emasculate female plants. Pollen grains were gathered from H. spontaneum, then female parents were pollinated with them. Hybrid seeds were formed, and although they were wrinkled but they showed enough germination ability. The hybrid seeds were planted in pots and obtained plants were morphologically between two parents. The hybrid plants flowered, but because of abnormality in meiosis division, seed was not formed. Results therefore, indicated that by artificial crossing intergeneric hybrid seeds can be successfully obtained. However special treatments such as colchicine must be applied to get tetraploid fertile intergeneric hybrids.

Required number of female flowering branches from two species of Papulus nigra and P. delta ides were placed in water and soil in a greenhouse on late February and early March 2000. Female flowering branches were also grafted on one year old seedling stocks of the species, before catkins elongation and exposition, planted in the plastic pots. Pollen was collected in suitable times from appropriate male plant branches, being kept in different cool temperature. Pollination was done by a fine brush on the female flowers several times per day for two to three consecutive days to make sure all parts of the catkin flowers receive enough pollen. Mature hybrid seeds were directly sowed well moisture soil. Embryo rescue technique was also used to develop the immature hybrid seeds and embryos. Free growth regulator half MS, MS and B5 agar medium were used to perform the technique. Six leaved seedlings were transplanted in well incubated soil.