One of the newest diagnostic methods and treatment of cancer is to design new drugs. It is now possible to design a drug with desired properties in theory and evaluate its therapeutic effects through bioinformatics tools. Among the studied drugs, those based on cytokine genes, which increase the body's immunity against cancer, are of great interest. Cytokines are small proteins that play an essential role in cell signaling and can affect the function and behavior of surrounding cells. CCL21 chemokine is one of the cytokines that possess antitumor properties has the potential for chemoattraction of T lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Interleukin 1 beta (IL1β ) is a cytokine involving different cellular activities such as the activation of neutrophils, B-Cells, and T-Cells. In the present study, we designed a drug-based cytokine gene to activate T cells and B cells by inserting defined CCL21 epitope and IL1β peptide sequences into a protein construct. Molecular dynamics simulation was performed in Linux space using Gromex software. Results of RMSD, RMSF, and the radius of gyration obtained from the simulation showed the stability of both proteins, which indicated that there are no significant conformational differences between the commercial CCL21 and recombinant form. The interaction of synthetic construct and human CCL21 with the CCR7 receptor was also investigated by HADDOCK software. Obtained results showed no differences between these proteins, and recombinant protein has the same structural and conformational characteristics as human commercial CCL21.

Brucellosis is an important contagious disease affecting most domestic and mature animals. Since the impact of IL-1β,in B. abortus invasion and survival remains elusive, the current study sought to elucidate the actual roles of these potent cytokines in the modulation of the initial immune response to Brucella infection. Therefore, this study aimed to detect Brucella abortus in the placenta of aborted women and cows and estimate the expression of the interleukin 1β,(IL1β, ) gene associated with immune response mechanisms to Brucella abortus infection. The detection of Brucella abortus was performed by Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and Polymerase Chain Reaction based AlkB gene (AlkB-PCR) in the sera and placenta samples of aborted women and cows, respectively. The overall percentage of Brucella abortus infection was 13. 1% and 5% as determined by RBT and AlkB-PCR in aborted women’, s sera and placentas, respectively. On the other hand, the overall percentage rates of Brucella abortus infection in the sera and placentas from aborted cows were 30% and 11% as estimated by RBT and AlkB-PCR, respectively. The results of RBT demonstrated that the association between Brucella abortus and abortion in cows was statistically significant. On the other hand, it was found that the association between Brucella abortus and abortion in women was not significant. Moreover, according to the results of AlkB-based PCR, the association between Brucella abortus and abortion was statistically significant in aborted cows, while it was not significant in aborted women. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of RBT were calculated as 60. 00, 53. 85, and 54. 55%, respectively. Moreover, positive and negative predictive values were reported as 14. 33% and 91. 28%, respectively. Regarding RBT for aborted cows, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the test were 81. 82%, 57. 78%, and 62. 49%, respectively. The positive predictive value was reported as 32. 08%, while the negative predictive value was reported as 92. 88%. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was carried out for the evaluation of Interleukin 1 Beta (IL1β, ) gene expression. The qPCR result was presented as a fold change in gene expression. A significant increment of IL1β,gene expression was observed in aborted women (114. 905±, 99. 661) and cows (22. 454 ±, 18. 528), compared to non-aborted women (4. 953±, 5. 564) and cows (2. 033±, 1. 845). Statistical comparison of IL1β,gene expression between aborted women and cows illustrated a non-significant increment in IL1β,gene expression in aborted women (114. 905±, 99. 661), compared to aborted cows (22. 454 ±, 18. 528).

Acute myeloid leukemia is a heterogeneous clonal disorder of blood-producing cells that are among the most common malignant disorders in adults. The purpose of this study was to examine the gene expression of TNF-α, , IL6, IL1-α, , IL-10, and TGF-β, 1 at diagnosis in acute myeloid leukemia. The current study included 50 patients with acute myeloid leukemia and 50 control subjects. ELISA was used to determine the serum concentrations of TNF-α, , IL6, IL1-α, , IL-10, and TGF-β, 1. After cDNA synthesis and RNA extraction, the expression of TNF-α, , IL6, IL1-α, , IL-10, and TGF-β, 1 genes was determined using real-time PCR (Δ, Δ, CT computational). Statistical analysis was conducted with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 19, and P<0. 05 was deemed statistically significant. The mean serum levels of TNF-α, , IL6, IL1-α, , IL-10, and TGF-β, 1 were lower in patients with acute myeloid leukemia than in the control group. In addition, cytokine mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was significantly lower in AML patients compared to the control group (p<0. 0001). Changes in TNF-α, , IL6, IL1-α, , IL-10, and TGF-β, 1 were associated with acute myeloid leukemia, according to the findings. The current study supports the use of cytokines as diagnostic biomarkers for acute myeloid leukemia.

Despite many years having passed since exposure to sulfur mustard (SM) gas, there are many exposed subjects who are still suffering from delayed pulmonary complications. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lung of these subjects have not been investigated in delay phase. In this study, we evaluated mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα ), tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (TNFR1), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β ) ) in lung biopsy of SM-exposed subjects and compared them with control (non-exposed) subjects. We used formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue for this purpose. Lung FFPE blocks of SM-exposed subjects (30 samples) and a control group (30 samples) were collected from archival pathology department. The total mRNA of FFPE tissues were extracted and the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines were determined by quantitative Real Time PCR (RT-qPCR). The obtained results from two groups were compared to each other and non-parametric statistical analyses were carried out on them. Our studies showed that the mRNA expression of TNFα , TNFR1 and IL-1β in lung tissue of SM injured and control people have no significant difference (p-value= 0. 159, 0. 832 and 0. 314 respectivly). TNFR1 showed direct correlation with TNFα (r=0. 867, p=0. 002) and IL-1β (r= 0. 65, p=0. 006). The evaluation of mRNA expression in pro-inflammatory cytokines in lung of SM-exposed subjects after 20 years showed that these mediators are similar to those of non-exposed group and there was no acute inflammation in lung of these patients.

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the serious bacterial infections that cause diseases and may lead to death. In this study, 178 individuals were examined for TB infection at Baghdad TB center during the period from 15 th January to 1 st October 2021. Out of 178 participants, 73 were shown to be positive for TB infection, while 105 showed negative results. According to the results, there was no significant variation between infected males and females with TB in comparison to the control group (P>0. 05). The results showed that the mean age of the patients for both males and females was in the range of 2–, 65 years. Additionally, there were significant differences in patients with TB compared to the control group in terms of the weight loss of 8. 82 ±,6. 75 Kg, red blood cell (RBC) count (3. 43 ±,0. 56) × 10 6 /μ, l, white blood cell (WBC) count (3. 12 ±,1. 57) × 10 6 /μ, l, platelet count (1. 03 ±,0. 56) × 10 6 /μ, l, and hemoglobin level (6. 66 ±,1. 34) g/dl. A total of 30 TB patients and 50 normal individuals were genotyped to detect the IL-1β,rs 114534 gene. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for exon amplification in region 5 of the ILB1 gene in the TB patients by using specific primers. The finding showed that there was an amplified product of 249bp located in chromosome 2q13-14. A total of 30 TB patients and 50 normal individuals were also genotyped to detect the IL-6 rs 1800795 gene. The PCR was used for amplification of the IL-6 gene in TB patients by using specific primers. The finding showed that there was an amplified product of 431 bp located in chromosome 7p15-p2. The expression of the ILB1 gene was investigated in TB patients and healthy controls by using qPT-PCR. Results showed that there was a high Ct value for patients and controls with a high Ct value of templates, preoperational to the total ribonucleic acid (RNA) concentration and gene expression. The expression of the IL-6 gene was investigated in TB patients and healthy controls by using qPT-PCR. Our findings revealed a high Ct value for patients and controls with a high Ct value of templates, preoperational to the total RNA concentration and gene expression.