The principle of INDIVIDUATION is one of the most important principles of metaphysics. Any being is either pure form or a mixture of matter and form. But this being possesses INDIVIDUATION as well. Can this INDIVIDUATION be attributed to its form or matter? The present article intends to discuss this principle in its historical context from Aristotle to Sadr-al- Motalehin in brief and demonstrate that, in spite of different interpretations, all philosophers and commentators should view the criterion of distinction and INDIVIDUATION of a being as to be its form and not its being.

Duns Scouts the famous theologian of thirteen century under the influence of Avecina’s doctorine of “Nature” on the basis of hierarchy of the unity presents a hypothesis and describes the unconditioned nature as minor unity and individual entities as numerical unity. As a celeberating hypothesis of “distinct forms” it accounts with the haeccity as the criterion of individuality of external entities. Mutual examination of the fundamental principlse of both philosophers; this article explains the deficiencies of Scotus’s approach.

In the 40s, integration of classic sonnet to neo-poetry led to neosonnet in contemporary literature. Objective and fresh perceptions of surrounding world by neo-sonnet poets, stylistic innovations and incorporation of some elements from free verse gradually led to its growth and eloquence. Imagery feature is so prominent in neosonnet that it is called the "pictorial sonnet. " This paper aims to answer the following questions: "How does imagery in neo-sonnet differ from its counterpart in classic poems? " And "What methods are employed by neo-sonnet poets to achieve a fresh conception of imagery? " Thus we intend to investigate the characteristics of imagery in neo-sonnet and scrutinize the methods employed by neo-sonnet poets to this end. We try to depict how those methods refreshed imagery and stylistically distinguished neosonnet. It can be concluded from the present study that neo-sonnet, equipped with fresh imagery techniques, has created a new style in contemporary sonnet which distinguishes it from sonnet in previous eras.

The application of modern theories to classical works of literature is one of the basics of literary study in our time that makes the works more dynamic. One of these theories is that of C.G.Jung. Meanwhile, considering the fact that Ferdowsi’s Shahname, in its mythical, legendary and epic parts, is talented to be read by Jungian approach, the present article studies some major characters of this work, specially Rostam, based on the INDIVIDUATION process of Jung.

The process of INDIVIDUATION from the perspective of Jung is a kind of sophistication and mental development of man which the center of personality is transferred from “ ego” to “ self” and since literary works, due to the inherent richness and rooted in the collective unconscious include symbols and metaphors, conscious and unconscious structures and involve the reader and require a literary text archetypal analysis. This poem written by Khajuei Kermani was analyzed by descriptive and analytical method based on Jung INDIVIDUATION Theory. His journey to Rome is in fact a symbol of his quest for the process of psychic INDIVIDUATION begins by the first impulses of love that makes the foundation of the poem and the protagonist is a young and inexperienced princess in the beginning and begins INDIVIDUATION the activation of anima and recalling continuity and unity to the realm of the conscious mind of the hero and by guidance of old wise man and solving problems and eliminating inner shadows and flexibility of persona, he achieves coordination between his consciousness and unconsciousness and finally, the INDIVIDUATION process and self-knowledge is ended successfully. Introduction The collective unconscious manifestation centered on the myths, stories and literary creations led to a branch of criticism which is one of the most important and most used methods of contemporary literary criticism that examines the nature and characteristics of the archetypes and their role in literature. From the perspective of the archetypical criticism, myths are basically the structure of literature that make possible the verbal communication of narration and meaning. The concept of collectivist sub-consciousness and its two related concepts, archetype and INDIVIDUATION are important Jung psychology. One is important in terms of its role in the development of personality and the other in terms of reversing its themes in artistic creation and dreams ( Yavari, 2009: 102-104). Thus, the recognition of this layer from the unconscious in the process of self-knowledge and INDIVIDUATION, which is one of the fundamental concepts in Jung’ s psychology, is of particular importance. Jung believes that there is a close relationship among the art, literature, dreams and myths and art and literature as dreams are the place of manifestation of imaginations and the emergence of a collective subconscious. He believes that great poets like Ferdowsi, Hafez, Molana and Hedayat are eternal since their works reflect the collective subconscious manifestations and the common mythological insights (Shayeganfar, 2012: 251). Consequently, literary works, due to the inherent richness and rooted in the collective unconscious include symbols and metaphors, conscious and unconscious structures and involve the reader and require a literary text archetypal analysis. Given the importance and application of the INDIVIDUATION process in explaining the epic stories and especially the protagonists of the story, the present research tries to investigate 1-the roles and effects of each archetype in the process of INDIVIDUATION effective in the identity of “ Nowruz” and 2-according to this fact that the protagonist of this story is compatible with Jung INDIVIDUATION Theory, it is necessary to adapt this theory in order to investigate this personality from a new perspective in the scope of the mentioned theory. Research methodology The present study was conducted based on descriptive analytical method. For this purpose, firstly, theoretical fundamentals of research with relying on library resources and Jung’ s opinions about the process of individuality were categorized and then with an analytical approach, the symbolic journey of the hero of the story to achieve self-awareness and during the process of individuality have been addressed. Discussion One of the most basic theories of Jung is that the trend and direction of growth in personality is towards unity and stability and to achieve this goal, all psychological systems must separate and evolve into their components; in other words, all the different systems of character like the Anima (Anima), Shadow, Persona and etc. allow the occurrence, division and evolution of the balance between the consciousness and the subconscious mind and the person achieves psychological development (Shamlu, 2016: 59). The process of INDIVIDUATION in his opinion is a kind of mental growth that the center of personality “ ego” (self-awareness) moves toward “ self” (inner un-consciousness layer) and this transfer is indeed movement from ego to self and different layers of personality come to recognize and adapt to each other and self-awareness and unconsciousness are coordinated( Jung, 2013: 359). The process of INDIVIDUATION in fact is compromise of the consciousness with inner center that begins usually with the plundering of personality and suffering. Many myths and fairy tales have expressed the initial stage of the process of INDIVIDUATION with the patient or aging of the king or they are the theme of another old story, for example, the king and his wife did not have children or the monsters of women and children and horses destroy the wealth of the kingdom or a giant, without a hurricane, and a tail of sea and land on the king’ s army or darkness, drought, flood and cold throughout the country make trouble (Jung, 2013: 253). The story of “ Gol and Nowruz” begins with the wish of the king of Khorasan to have a son and the God gives him a son as the result of his prayers and he calls him Nowruz. Since the requirement of process of INDIVIDUATION is a journey to the inner world and the unconscious in order to obtain identity and to reach self-knowledge, Nowruz, the main protagonist begins journey to Rome for self-knowledge and identity that reflects a deep desire for inner change and a new experience. This symbolic journey or the process of INDIVIDUATION, which is the same as the transfer of the center of gravity from I to ego is done with the help of a series of ceremonies such as Anima, Shadow, Persona and old wise man. So that Nowruz, with the first spark of anima achieves psychological balance between self-awareness and the unconscious from the subconscious and with the absorption and analysis of the shadow in self-consciousness and flexibility to coordinate and make compatible the persona in different situations with timely guidance of old wise man. Conclusion Independence, self-knowledge and identity and non-attachment on the parents are the main theme of the story that is the process of INDIVIDUATION. Nowruz INDIVIDUATION begins with the plundering of his personality and suffering from pain and he goes to the desert with a group of companions and reaches the caravan in the desert. The owner is a man named Kashmir and he is talking to him. After the description of the events of his life speaks about the Roman Caesar and his daughter and exaggerates in the expression of beauty. So with the resurrection of the love in Nowruz soul by the words of Kashmir about “ Gol” (flower). The process of achieving perfection and spiritual integration is flourished, because love is the primary motive of this poem and from the archetypal perspective leads to the inner coherence of existence and the body and mind, self-awareness and coordinates the unconscious as it is necessary during the process of fostering identity and existence of Nowruz symbolically to reach self, self-knowledge, travel to inner world and the unconsciousness that begins to journey to Rome for reaching inner anima and through the shadow and flexibility of the mask by guidance of old wise man begin to create a psychological balance between self-consciousness and unconsciousness. After overcoming the forces arising from the collective subconscious and attracting them into self-consciousness, the protagonist expands the domain of self-consciousness and transfer the psychological center from “ ego” to “ self” and finally by unification of the two opposite sides of the psychic they are merged into the higher proposition and reborn and evolved psychologically.

Nowadays, “ archetypal criticism” or “ mythical criticism” is one of the most important and the most widely used methods of contemporary literary criticism which studies the nature and characteristics of archetypes and their roles in literature. Mythical criticism has originated in Jung's thoughts and generally, it is done by referring to his ideas. Based on the Jungian INDIVIDUATION theory, the present article tries to study the romance of Homā y o Homā yun by Khā ju Kermā ni. In this story, Homā y, the hero begins his journey to China to reach Homā yun (anima). The journey of the hero to China, as the base of the story, is a symbol of process of INDIVIDUATION and of his search for self-knowledge. By activation of anima and announcing the message of continuity and unity in the hero's conscious realm, the process of INDIVIDUATION of Homā y who is a young and inexperienced prince begins, and by guidance of the wise old man and eliminating difficulties and shadows and flexibility of persona, his conscious and unconscious are coordinated and finally, the process of INDIVIDUATION and self-knowledge achieves successfully.

Al-Farabi’ s view on INDIVIDUATION has two versions: one is his strict view in his works and the other is what Mulla Sadra ascribes to him. His clearly expressed view in his Ta’ liqat is that INDIVIDUATION is due two categories of time and position. However, Mulla Sadra argues that al-Farabi holds that it is due to how something exists. In what follows, the author is, first, seeking to clearly define the concept of INDIVIDUATION according to al-Farabi. He has, then, gone to determine how the verbal and logical structures of the proposition denoting al-Farabi’ s view is. And, third, what the proposition denoting al-Farabi’ s view on INDIVIDUATION bears to his indicative core idea in his web of meaning. The conceptual analysis has shown that, for al-Farabi, INDIVIDUATION is a relational concept. The propositional analysis proves that al-Farabis’ s view on INDIVIDUATION of position is suffering from vagueness though. The systematic analysis demonstrates that the issue of INDIVIDUATION has been proposed for the later al-Farabi as a question and it bears a tie to his indicative core idea through existence. Nonetheless, it does not mean that one might refer to al-Farabi’ s view on INDIVIDUATION as a proof to ascribe the primacy of existence theory to al-Farabi.

The individual has been one of the contentious issues in the different knowledge. This has formed certain knowledge that its developments have had some important effects on other knowledge including politics. French technologist Gilbert Simondon, put a serious effort in this field. The purpose of this article is to describe briefly Simondonian theory of INDIVIDUATION and to specify the possibilities the theory has for the field of social sciences. The main question is which new possibilities are introduced by the late version of the theory of INDIVIDUATION for politics? Simondon rejected any principles of INDIVIDUATION. He insisted on the process of INDIVIDUATION and defined the becoming as an endless process, while encountering with various versions of Hylomorphism, especially Jungian analytical psychology, and maintaining a critical distance from cybernetics and mainstream phenomenology. This theory has numerous implications for politics, such as increasing the political credibility of the collective, de-principlizing, phase analysis, the return of the technical body to political analysis, and providing the equipment for revising the radical political theory. Simondon's theory gives political analysis a means of passage to Tranindividual. This makes it possible the dominant meaning of the individual to be questioned.

The two epopees, Sharafnameh (The Letter of Dignity) and Eqhbalnameh (The Letter of Luck) by Hakim Nezani Ganjavi, which are known as Eskandarnameh, are stories about the travels and wars of Alexander of Macedon. In the creation of these epopees, Nezami employs not only the historical events, but also the myths and legends, and has created a new pattern. In these two epopees, Alexander is not that famous conqueror in the history, but he is a legendary and prophet-like character whom all the earthly and unearthly forces helped through the vicissitudes of his journeys, and throughout the process of developing individuality, and the path of self- awareness. In Sharafnameh, Alexander is a sage who departed on a journey to gain wisdom. However, in Eqbalnameh he experiences an inner journey as a prophet. Psychological analysis of these two epopees indicates that this young king, encounters the elements of unconsciousness, such as: Shadow, Anima, and the Wise old man in his journeys. Eventually Alexander achieves selfhood and the sublime truth of existence. This article aims at analyzing these archetypes based on Jung’s views.