Generally, Descartes is considered a philosopher who played a significant role in the foundation of modern philosophy and is also regarded as the one who paved the way for scientific thinking. Among Descartes' views, his attention to mathematics as a science that entirely contains "certain propositions" is prominent. This attention made him believe in the theory of the unity of sciences with mathematical characteristics. From Descartes' point of view, "measurability," "order," and " deductive method" are the main features of mathematics. He used the term "universal mathematics" for all sciences that benefit from those characteristics. Among his opinions, Descartes' understanding of "INFINITY" is also different from most scholastic philosophers. He considered INFINITY as a positive concept that exists in humans and contrasts with the conventional perception; he believed that it is possible to have a perception of the finite from the rejection of the infinite. However, this attitude has faced many challenges up to now. In this article, we will investigate Descartes' theory of INFINITY and demonstrate that his work was a good start but encompassed theoretical ambiguities that later have been clarified by mathematicians.

The purpose of this article is to set forth one of the most important teachings of Moulana and that is his understanding of “Eid”. Perhaps it can be said that the concept of “Eid” in Molana’s view differs substantially from that of other mystics and schools, and indeed such difference inspired the author of this article to write on this subject as a token of his appreciation towards Moulana and his disciples.What he means by this term when he calls himself “Eid” and this event, that is “becoming Eid” which flows as naturally in him is explained in this article.I returned as the new “Eid”, as to break freeTo break the claws and tooth of this treacherous fortune.

Sasanian reliefs are very important in the study of not only the art history but also the state, society, religion and politics of this era. This article tries to study the relationship between word and image in the Sasanian reliefs that contain inscription and figures. The data in this article is collected in documentation method, and the research is done in descriptive and analytical method. First of all language, image and their relationship are defined and then eight Sasanian reliefs which have both word and image are studied: Ardaxš, ī, r at Naqš,-i Rostam, Bandiyā, n-i Dargaz in Xorā, sā, n-i Razavi, Barm-i Delak at east of Š, ī, rā, z, Bahrā, m I at Tang-i Č, ogā, n in Kā, zerū, n, Š, ā, pū, r I at Tang-i Č, ogā, n in Kā, zerū, n, Š, ā, pū, r I at Naqš,-i Rajab, Bahrā, m II at south of Kā, zerū, n, Š, ā, pur I at Naqš,-i Rostam. These reliefs have both the text and the image but the conformity between words and image would lead us to an incomplete method and it seems that happens in the related studies till now because for interpreting the image we rely on the texts, while as we could see in these reliefs the images have more messages in comparison to the text and each part could be interpreted separately. For example, the size of figures, the type of weapons, clothes and tools, the ornaments, their gestures, their look, the signs of glory, their context and so many other factors could be considered as symbols and they must be interpreted in different layers. It is obvious that everyone is not able to read the inscriptions and if someone could do that, s/he sees the image at first and be influenced by it and also as we will study the texts in these reliefs only give us the general information. So we could say that in these frames the images have several layers of meaning that the first one is related to that period and the other layers have a timeless and INFINITY message but the texts are timed and finite therefore we should choose two different approaches for interpreting these two parts in each Sasanian relief. It seems that the images have timeless and infinite messages because of their mythological and ceremonial meaning but the same is not true for inscriptions and they refer to some specific subject and for understanding it, in addition to know its language the familiarity with the political, social and religious history of that period is necessary. The signs of power and glory of the kings could be seen in these images and also they depict the kings who have Farrah and are victorious and protected by gods and these messages are timeless so it seems that the viewer could have a very close understanding from images due to the signs which are infinite and timeless. Although in these reliefs the image and word are in one frame and they make an image together but these two parts are quite different functions which should be considered in our interpretations.

We study the two-stage stochastic INFINITY norm optimization problem with recourse based on a commutative algebra. First, we explore and develop the algebraic structure of the INFINITY norm cone, and utilize it to compute the derivatives of the barrier recourse functions. Then, we prove that the barrier recourse functions and the composite barrier functions for this optimization problem are self-concordant families with reference to barrier parameters. These findings are used to develop interior-point algorithms based on primal decomposition for this class of stochastic programming problems. Our complexity results for the short- and long-step algorithms show that the dominant complexity terms are linear in the rank of the underlying cone. Despite the asymmetry of the INFINITY norm cone, we also show that the obtained complexity results match (in terms of rank) the best known results in the literature for other well-studied stochastic symmetric cone programs. Finally, we demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm by presenting some numerical experiments on both stochastic uniform facility location problems and randomly-generated problems.

One of the properties that in many theological traditions is ascribed to God is INFINITY. Philosophers and theologians often take God infinite in His both Essence and Attributes. In other words, they interpret the individuation of God to His INFINITY or essential absoluteness. Spinoza, the rationalist philosopher of the 17th century, is also a thinker who introduces God as the Unique Substance, and sees the Property of INFINITY necessary for God and so takes His Essence and Attributes to be infinite. From Spinoza’s viewpoint, describing God as infinite has some implications, including being the Former Whole, being the Immanent/ Internal Cause, and not being Supernatural. Thus, Spinoza asserts that in the theological traditions common in Abrahamic religions, God’s infiniteness attribute has not been correctly analyzed and so the relationship between God and everything other than God has been misinterpreted. In this study, using the valid sources in the realm of Spinoza studies and adopting the descriptive-analytical method, Spinoza’s thoughts in this regard are investigated.

One of the most important problems in control engineering is state estimation of a dynamical system based on measured data corrupted by noises. One of the most popular algorithms used for state estimation of a linear discrete time dynamical system is mixed Kalman/H-INFINITY filter. The performance of this filter is essentially depending on how exact statistics of noise characteristics are available. It is also not guaranteed that the process noise covariance matrix, and the measurement noise covariance matrix remain constant with time in a highly nonstationary noise condition. Thus, it is imperative to continuously tune the mixed Kalman/H-INFINITY accounting for the changing noise conditions in order to get good filter performance. This paper presents an algorithm of fuzzy based mixed Kalman/HINFINITY filter for dynamically tuning the process noise and measurement noise covariance matrices. Fuzzy system in every step of the process using the difference between the actual position and speed of the balloon and the amount of observed data by the observer, an adaptive produce and this factor is used to update covariance matrix values. In this way, the Fuzzy Mixed Kalman/H-INFINITY filter can be more accurately estimated system state variables and therefore always mean square estimation error is minimized.

Sadra believes that all types of causes are finite. one type of this causes is the material cause. If we believe that the material causes of one thing is finite, then we must accept that the time is also finite. but there are good reasons that proves the INFINITY of time. so we must resolve the conflict between these two reasons. the solution is based on the base of division of time. the time divided to its parts, because of the division of distance of the movement that the time is the value of it. so replacing the straight path to the circular path will help us resolving the problem. In fact, the idea that we have infinite time, is based on the notion of an infinite straight distance while the distance is different than the time, and also the distance that produces the infinite time could be on a circular path, in which case the problem of contradiction between the reasons of INFINITY of time will be solved.