Decreased precipitation and water scarcity are some of the important challenges in most parts of Iran in recent years and need a cost-effective solution based on high technical knowledge and equipment,To improve the meteorological conditions with modern technologies, one can use the high voltage injection air ionization equipment. The result efficiently can increase cloud-water vapor concentration nuclei due to generate duplex clouds. Recent theoretical and experimental work suggests that a charged atmosphere will have a lower nucleation barrier and will also help stabilize embryonic particles. This allows nucleation to occur at lower vapor concentrations and demonstrates that charged particle and molecular clusters, condensing around natural air ions can grow significantly faster than corresponding neutral clusters. The theoretical dynamic locating of the injection model also indicates that the nucleation rate of particles in the non-charged regions (without injection) is limited by the ion production rate from other sources such as cosmic rays. Thus, stable charged particle concentration by injection resulting from condensation and growth can survive long after ion injection and ionization. Theoretical study of dynamic locating of injection model establishes a relationship between the dynamic locating electromagnetic region of changing point ionization and precipitation microphysics. Mechanism troposphere ionization and the Earth electromagnetic field properties cannot be excluded and there are established electrical effects on precipitation microphysics. Building on the relationship between changing points and ion injection the observations are extended to the realm of electromagnetic field microphysics by exploring this model. The injection produces positive /negative ions and free electrons. Many of these ions will be quickly lost to ion-ion recombination. Some of the ions escape recombination or reduced ion concentrations because the ionization produced by the electric field often is decreased because of the dust storm or wind that are generated in fixed changing points. As we presented in this article, dynamic locating of injection in the troposphere is very important to provide additive effects increasing cloud concentrations and generating precipitation, which is the main achievement of this analytical-simulation work. In this analytical-simulation study, which is based on real and experimental data taken from the western and southwestern regions of Iran, we first review the background of the results obtained from the injection process and the effect of generating clouds in the troposphere. Then we obtain the results of the same data with the theoretical effect of dynamic locating and simulation with injection at the electromagnetic changing points. The results of the previous data assuming maximization of utility have been recalculated and compared. The injection results are optimized by a dynamic locating technique that affects utility indices of maximum electromagnetic changing field between troposphere-ground the earth thickness. Due to the increased generation of rainy clouds and maximization of their concentrations and increased local precipitation by the dynamic locating method at the injection site and the optimal operation of the equipment is investigated. The theoretical model that is presented shows that the theoretical dynamic locating of injection model by increasing in ionizing effect leads to a 15-20% increase in precipitation, decrease of 11% in temperature, increase of 10% in humidity.

This paper reports the results of experimental removal process of ammonia from synthetically prepared ammonia solution using a microscale mixing loop air stripper. Effects of various operational parameters (such as pH, air flow rate, wastewater flow rate, and initial ammonia concentration) were evaluated. By increasing pH from 10 to 12. 25, the amount of KLa increased from 0. 26 to 0. 73 h-1. Considerable enhancement, about 150 %, can be found for KLa by changing the air flow rate from 280 to 700 mL/min under a fixed condition. The wastewater flow rate can also increase the value of KLa from 0. 22 to 0. 59 h-1. The values of KLa increased only about 20 %by changing the initial concentration of ammonia in the range between 50 and 500 mg/L. The results showed that any improvement concerning air stripping using microchannel was successfully carried out with enhancing the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient (KLa) and providing higher mass transfer capabilities compared with other types of strippers, even for lower amounts of used air. The enhancement of mass transfer takes place by efficient mixing induced by the employed microchannel. It has been demonstrated that wastewater flow rate and air flow rate have significant effects on KLa. The optimal stripping conditions and mathematical modeling for ammonia removal and the relation between the parameters were determined using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD) method. The results demonstrate the advantages the proposed system possesses over conventional stripper types.

The phenomenon of globalization in the present age has caused profound and far-reaching changes in human life. Due to the globalization and expansion of information technology, people are becoming aware of the existence of job opportunities in different parts of a country and the world in a more effective and faster manner. In addition to the spread of more advanced communication technologies, the improvement of transportation systems has made it easy for people to move around. Likewise, the economic dimension of globalization has facilitated the movement of capital and technology across borders, intensified the industrialization of cities, created job opportunities in the industrial and service sectors of cities, and has increased the migration of rural labor to urban areas. All these developments have intensified urbanization, which is not only an increase in the size of population in urban areas, but also a dynamic process that brings with it two types of movement and change: First, the movement and transfer of population from rural to urban areas with changes in functions, especially in economic sphere: Second, Urbanization is accompanied by changes in demographic composition of urban population, lifestyle, value system of individuals, and generally speaking by  cultural changes. In multicultural societies, language as the most important element of cultural identity and the factor of differentiation of groups and individuals is the first element that is endangered in migration to cities. Language as a means of communication is the most important need of people for interaction, so it is also the first cultural element that is affected by migration to cities. Cities usually have a culture of consumption and assimilation; and learning a dominant language facilitates the assimilation process. One of the most important cultural attributes which is lost due to urbanization in multicultural societies is language. A key objective of this article is to answer the question of how urbanization affects language diversity in cities. In the hypothesis, it is declared that globalization with the accompanied INTENSIFICATION of urbanization​ cause a linguistic decline by the assimilation and integration of immigrants in the new urban society as well as the drowning of the immigrant population in the host population. The ways by which urbanization affect language occur in the context of changing the "linguistic attitudes" of the speakers. This study is conducted by analyzing the data collected in research projects and official reports of UNESCO and DESA concerning the implications of globalization on language developments, as well as the global consequences of urban growth for linguistic diversity.     The case studies show that although people seem to give up their local language for social, cultural, political and especially economic reasons and use the dominant or more authoritative language that is common in cities, this change is rooted in the change of their "linguistic attitude" which can be considered as one of the important cultural consequences of urbanization by creating positive attitudes towards the dominant and valid language and negative attitudes towards their local indigenous languages. This is done by facilitating acculturation and assimilation with the majority, as well as reducing the use of minority languages, language resistance of future generations and generally the absence of intergenerational transmission of language which consequently lead to the elimination or death of a language. What is important here is the linguistic attitude of the speakers towards their language, which affects the preservation or elimination of the language. Of course, it does not matter whether the immigrant community or the host society lose its language. Although demographic and cultural heterogeneity in cities seems to have become a fundamental reality in the age of globalization, and cities have become places of cultural diversity today, this is not the case with language because the communicative nature of language is such that we see linguistic homogeneity in cities rather than linguistic diversity.It is believed that urban migration has the same linguistic effects as migrating to a country, but urbanization together with rural-to-urban migration within countries, given their prevalence, seem to have more negative consequences on international language diversity than international migration for three reasons: 1. population mobility within countries is usually not subject to any laws or regulations; 2. it is difficult to migrate to other countries, so migration to cities is more widespread and easier, and 3. A village is usually a source of linguistic diversity, and the withdrawal of the younger generation, which transmits the language and culture of the village to the next generation, leads to the decline of rural languages. It is important to note that according to UN estimates, the world's urban population will increase from 49% to 70% by 2050, and the urban population of the Third World will be 64%. The data indicate the evacuation of the world's villages, especially the rural areas of the developing world with its rich source of world linguistic diversity. On a large scale, the growing trend of urbanization will have a negative effect on linguistic diversity in the world; and it will shape a bleak future for the world's linguistic diversity. The analysis of the impact of urbanization on languages ​​shows how it can destroy language diversity and increase language homogeneity in the world.

The excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone in secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPTH) are suggested to interfere with normal erythropoiesis. In SHPTH, during chronic renal failure, due to the impairment of erythropoietin synthesis, this effect is more pronounced. In the present study the role of secondary hyperparathyroidism in the severity of anemia was evaluated in hemodialysis patients (n=36; 16 females and 20 males) with the end-stage renal failure. CBC, Hgb, Hct, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), serum iron, total iron binding capacity, transferin saturation, ferritin as well as dialysis adequacy were measured. Partial correlation test was performed for analysis of the data making adjustments for age, duration of hemodialysis and ferritin levels. The mean±SD for iPTH, Hgb and Hct were 439.4 ± 433 pg/ml, 9 f 1.9 and 28.8 f 6.3 respectively. The mean duration of hemodialysis for the patients was 25.1 f 24 months. A reverse correlation was found between iPTH and Hct and Hgb as well as between alkaline phosphatase and Hgb and Hct (0<0.05). It was shown that severity of hyperparathyroidism correlated with severe of anemia. It is concluded that secondary hyperparathyroidism per se can intensify anemia in hemodialysis patients. A more efficient control of hyperphosphatemia and parathormone hypersecretion is thus needed to achieve a better management of anemia in hemodialysis patients.

Lots of Papers has been written about Iran’s Military Strategy explain Military strategy of Iran is Deterrence, but there is a little Paper that Explain Why Iran Chose this Strategy? The Paper tries to Answer this Question. Two Hypotheses are presented as Probable Answers to the Question: 1-Chang of Balance Power in the Middle East 2- INTENSIFICATION of U.S Pressure on Iran for Regime Change.

A set of factors with a focus on human in recent centuries has caused the global geographic space experience major changes in various aspects, such a change that its outcome and result is the change in climate of the world. Climate change has various consequences for the world that among the most important in international security domain. In this regard, the present study employing a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to review this consequences. The results show that the security, especially international security, is so much under influential of the climate change, because climate shape the characteristics and functions of geographical spaces of the world. Therefore, the relative stability and order of the world and its countries has been due to its climate stability over recent decades, and if changes are made, instability and insecurity will prevail and will create or exacerbate various threats. It should say, the biggest and most dangerous threat of current and future of the earth is climate change and its consequences are far more than any war. The most important challenges of climate change for international security include: Endangering the all or part of territory of the coastal and island states, creation and INTENSIFICATION of international instability and insecurity, emerging and spreading of terrorism and extremism, creating or exacerbating of maritime boundaries disputes, weakening of the maritime security, creating and exacerbating of international migration and water crises, creating or expanding weak and fragile states, changing the geopolitical position and importance of some of the important regions of the world, the threat of international trade, increased international competition and so on. It is worth noting that, climate change is shaping some new maritime routes and creates opportunities for some regions and countries of the world, especially the Arctic.

Land use INTENSIFICATION refers to the increase of land productivity and yield through human activities. Despite the potential challenge of unsustainability, land use INTENSIFICATION is the main approach of developing agriculture and meeting the increasing food demand. It also serves as a measure for the evaluation of agricultural efficiency. This study is an attempt to evaluate and analyze the INTENSIFICATION of legume cultivation in Khorramdasht rural areas of Khomain County. The statistical sample of the study consisted of 183 stakeholders, and the data were gathered primarily via field work with a question-naire whose validity was confirmed formally and its reliability was statistically assessed with a pretest. Land use intensity, as the main variable, was quantitatively operationalized and measured based on a normalized weighted linear combination of the components, specialized cropping, proportioned mean farm area, productivity level, machinery coefficient and fallow period intensity. The relative weights were calculated through factor analysis followed by the normalization of the first component’ s factor loadings. Despite the large area under legume cultivation, the results revealed that nearly 98 percent of the farms are intensified below the average level while only 2. 2 percent are above it. The increment of land-use intensity is technically easier to achieve in systems that are currently at a low intensifica-tion levels, but low land-use intensities do not necessarily imply strong development and yield in-crease in the future. In this regard, the process of land use INTENSIFICATION has led to a marked diver-gence of the economic performance in the study area. At the same time, poor agricultural policies and management practices call for more attention and deliberate planning procedures in the future.

Cases where Bayt al-Mal is responsible for payment of compensation are sometimes accompanied by INTENSIFICATION of compensation. The question is that whether Bayt al-Mal should pay the intensified compensation in such cases. This question has not been answered in juristic and, legal texts. In addition to causing difference in opinions, it has caused courts to doubt generalization of the INTENSIFICATION to Bayt al-Mal and even sometimes to make dual judgments in this connection.Investigating the proofs of INTENSIFICATION, on the one hand, and those of responsibility of Bayt al-Mal on the other, the present essay concludes that those proofs are general and absolute without being qualified and particularized. Another proof for responsibility of Bayt al-Mal in such payment is to believe in an independent reality for the intensified compensation.Such problems as contradiction to the principle of individualization of punishments and also necessity of precaution in expending Bayt al-Mal are dealt with in this essay as well.