Purpose: To explore the impact of information seeking behavior of theses Indexers to meet their information needs. Methodology: 35 Indexers at the National Library and Archives of Iran (NLAI) and the Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (IRANDOC) composed the statistical population. A Likert scaled questionnaire was used for data collection. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Findings: Information seeking behavior of Indexers meets their information needs in 7 components, not for "using sample documents" with a (mean lower than average: 2. 66). The total mean of the 8 components studied was 3. 63 (above the average). The research hypothesis is confirmed as the overall mean exceeds 3 on Likert scale. Conclusion: Respondents have sufficient expertise and experience. Their information-seeking behavior fulfills a high level of information needs at various stages of indexing.

Purpose: This research is devoted to study the consistency between keywords extracted from abstracts of theses by the experts in the related fields and descriptors provided by the Indexers in database of “Iran’s theses abstracts”.Methodology: This research is an applied study based on content analysis. A checklist which consisted of 32 criteria was used. In addition, we consulted the experts in the studied fields. The population under study included the records in database of “Iran’s theses abstracts” (74, 500 records) during 1989-2006. By using the sample size formula, 100 records were chosen from each of the fields of human sciences, basic sciences, engineering, and agriculture, by random stratified sampling.Findings: According to results of the research, there are significant relationships between the number of keywords in theses abstracts and their consistency with the descriptors, as well as between the number of keywords in theses abstracts and the number of descriptors. Also, there is significant relationship in different fields and different time intervals in consistency between the extracted keywords and the descriptors. Higher rate of retrieval through descriptors in comparison with the keywords extracted from abstracts revealed the efficiency of works which have been performed in this database in order to increase the relationships between descriptors of the same subject.Originality/Value: The findings of this research can assist the Indexers and managers of the database of “Iran’s theses abstracts” for identification of strengths and weaknesses in indexing the theses and collaboration with fields experts in documents indexing.

Purpose: The main purpose of the present research is to investigate the status of indexing of audio-visual materials in archival centers of Tehran, and to review the efficiency of this indexing from the perspective of its users.Methodology / Approach: This research is an analytical survey study, and the universe of study consists of the following two groups: the Indexers of audio-visual archival centers of Tehran, selected by census method and totaling 55 people, and the users, comprising 71 people who referred to these centers during one month. For data collection, separate questionnaires were used for Indexers and users. Finally, the obtained results were analyzed with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics and SPPSS software.Findings: This study shows that more than half of the Indexers are familiar with indexing principles at a desirable level, but the Indexers' familiarity with terminology and the specialized language of users is less than expected. Also, it shows that the standardization tools do not fully meet the needs of Indexers. Users expect an enhancement in the search capabilities of available software and more compatibility of indexes with the terminologies that they use. According to this study, there is no significant difference between the viewpoint of Indexers and users in using the indexes in different centers.Conclusions: The first research hypothesis, that there was a Significant difference in the average use of indexes among the studied centers, was not confirmed. The second research hypothesis, that there is a difference between users' and Indexers' view about the efficiency of indexes, is confirmed That is, there is a meaningful relationship between the quality of indexing of audio-visual resources in archival centers and the efficiency of these services from the users' perspective. The better the indexing, the more efficient the experience is from the users' perspective. There are some problems in the process of indexing audio-visual resources ranging from lack of proper tools for indexing, to lack of written policies and a mismatch between workload and human resources, which have caused some shortcomings in the quality of indexes.

The purpose of this study was to identify the language consistency between Indexers, authors and taggers in the ERIC and Mendeley databases. This survey was conducted using content analysis methods and techniques to evaluate the language consistency between Indexers, authors and taggers in the ERIC and Mendeley databases and also to determine common keywords. The sample for this study was comprised of top twenty journals in the field of Educational Research based on the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) of Web of Science, indexed in the ERIC database in 2014. Finally 499 articles published in the above-mentioned journals in 2014 were chosen as the sample base for the dataset. Note that only articles with author-supported keywords, indexed in the ERIC database and also tagged in the Mendeley database from January 2014 to August 2016 were eligible to be assessed. Descriptors assigned to the articles on the ERIC database and tags associated to the articles on the Mendeley database for the period from January 2014 to August 2016 were extracted. Also authorassigned keywords assigned to all 499 articles were collected. Finally we created a software based on object-oriented programming (OOP) in C++ to analyze the search results. Descriptive statistics and measures, and thesaural term comparison show that there are important differences in the context of keywords from the three groups. This study demonstrated that there were differences between the tagger, author and professional indexer views of the words used as tags, descriptors, or author-assigned keywords. The results showed that the consistency between the author-supported keywords and user tags of the 499 articles in the Mendeley was 15 percent; while the consistency between descriptors designated to the articles in the ERIC database and user tags associated to the articles on the Mendeley were three percent. On the other hand, the consistency between descriptors assigned to the articles in the ERIC database and the author-assigned keywords were 4 percent. Finally, the language consistency between the three above-mentioned groups was 1. 1 percent. Also note that the presence of descriptors in the ERIC thesaurus was 34 percent, which were more than the author-supported keywords and tags. The findings showed that the consistency between the keywords used by authors and taggers were more than the keywords chosen by Indexers and authors, and by Indexers and taggers. This means that three sides of the information representation triangle, i. e., indexer, author and tagger are unfamiliar with each other’ s language. It is worth noting that tags are useful supplements to controlled vocabularies, since the former provide a means for social organization of knowledge outside the framework of the latter. The low consistency between tags and descriptors in this research indicates that Mendeley users do not use the same terminology as subject specialists who maintain descriptors in the ERIC thesaurus. Further research involving semantic analysis of Mendeley tags may reveal an emerging vocabulary suitable for inclusion in the ERIC thesaurus as a controlled vocabulary.

Index terms provided by authors and professional Indexers are used in traditional information retrieval schemes. However, abstracts ideally contain the core message of a document. This can potentially give us the opportunities to use the abstracts to automatically extract index terms. This work is an effort to increase the accuracy of keyword extraction mechanism by adding a temporal weighting to candidate. In addition, this work can be used to research trend analysis and shows where the ongoing research is headed in Iranian Theses and Dissertations (TDs). To achieve the aforementioned objectives, we studied on more than 500 samples in different engineering research area from 50 different universities 1) the correlation between the authors and professional Indexers keywords. We observed only 8% similarity between these two indices. 2) We studied the correlation between the index terms and words in abstract and title. We found that 40% of author keywords are extracted from first 20% of the abstract (This figure changes to 45% for professional indexer) and 24% from the second 20% (19% from the next 20%) This finding can be further used to narrow down the input dimensions for the various machine learning schemes for automatic keyword extraction. 3) Using some classification schemes it can be perceived that the most of the ongoing research in Iran is headed toward neural network and optimization.

The main goal of this research is to provide an explicit scene about the Present situation of indexing and abstracting services in Iran. It studies 45 information centers which produce indexing and abstracting services, in terms of their subject fields, databases, Publications, indexing methods, indexing languages, thesauri which are used as controlled vocabularies, qualification of managers, numbers of Indexers and abstractors, hindrances and limitations which they face. Finally it suggests means for improvements in the situation.

Web as a base for search engines has a graphical structure. Such a structure restricts’ crawlers' movement in search engines to the ways conforming to it. The present article investigated the impact of web's graphical structure on crawler’s movement and the activities of Indexers in search engines. After primary discussion about the graphs and the process of crawlers' activities, the main methods of crawlers' movement in the web (Depth-first, Breadth-first, Best-first) are discussed. Then, indexing as well as the way of taking advantage of HTML for creating a parse tree is investigated.

Purpose: Librarians always use Subject Headings and thesauruses as Controlled Vocabulary. This means that cataloguers must select a single subject when referring to these sources for a single document. But by looking at most of the library catalogs, such an assumption is not confirmed and two cataloguers have attributed two different subjects to a single document. Why is this? Why are two catalogers/  Indexers who see the same text and the same Standard Subject Heading or Controlled Vocabulary unable to agree on the subject matter of the document?Methodology: Because the main problems of the representation of documents are concerned with meaning and language, the subject analysis is here explored from a philosophical  perspective and thereby provides an understanding of the subject analysis process.  The presentation of this analysis is based on the framework of Gadamer's hermeneutic and Wittgenstein's interpretive theory.Findings: This is part of the author's publications on philosophical issues in information science, especially on hermeneutics and the interpretive aspects of librarians' work, that hear followed by an epistemological approach to subject analysis in cataloging and indexing.Conclusion: Discussing meaning-making and subject analysis as an epistemological concept and as found, for instance, in cataloging and indexing which reflect expressions of that prejudice, may provide an opportunity to Indexers and cataloguers to explore the interpretive aspects and hermeneutic uncertainty and consider as a concept in a part of their field of work.Value: The meaning of a text or subject matter in a book may result from the interaction of sense- the cataloger's or author's mind on one hand, and engaged lingual system (SH, Classification systems, CV, or any other documentary tools), social environment and social-cultural atmosphere on the other hand.

Purpose: The present article reviews the role of epistemological beliefs in information retrieval and information seeking behavior with an emphasis on digital environments.Methodology: Library research method is used in this study. By reviewing related works, it attempts to explain the subject.Results: It was found that different human factors involved in the information retrieval such as users, system designers, librarians, authors, and Indexers are influenced by epistemological beliefs. Finally, it was tried to show the influence of this theory in Wilson’s model of information seeking behavior.Conclusion: It is essential that the factors affecting the storage and retrieval systems focus on paying attention to both their epistemological perspectives and the epistemological perspectives of other human factors so that much efficiency of information systems can be met.

This study examines and presents an innovative approach to analytical thematic indexing in the field of Islamic studies and humanities. The study focuses particularly on in-text relationship evaluation between the indexes of a work، using advanced AI technologies. Given the extensive volume and complexity of Islamic texts، the development of an efficient system for managing information in this area is necessary. Using an analytical-experimental method، this research examines the practical experiences of Indexers، feedback from the information retrieval process، and the latest capabilities of AI. The primary objective of the study is to enhance the information management system in Islamic studies and humanities by designing a new indexing model، establishing connections between the indexes within a work، and improving categorization and retrieval methods using AI tools. The findings indicate the feasibility of creating a comprehensive and efficient indexing system for Islamic studies and humanities. By integrating human knowledge and AI، this system can improve text comprehension، fill research gaps، and facilitate interdisciplinary studies