Alluvial channels are sensitive in regard to changes of rivers and allocations of sedimentary load. A lot of the changes which occur in morphologic channel during the time, can be related to the mentioned changes. From the new view point of tectonic, growing faults and folds are to be counted as the most usual part of structures which effect the river's system.The size and length of the rupture increases by the replacement in fault's direction. In folds that are located above the blind faults, the folds are expected to grow in length and width side.By expanding faults plate, as that limbs come up related to local base level. It is often pointed to KHORRAMABAD Anticline as an instance of high Zagros' folds the KHORRAMABAD River, in its route of 46 km, passes through the city's anticline. This anticline is located on a hanging wall-part of the blind faults of high Zagros (Berberian 1995).In this study, for avaluating the amount of activity of KHORRAMABAD anticline, some qualified indexes in direction of the KHORRAMABAD river were studied and measured.(e.g. guardian index of river's slope, sinusity of lengthwise profile and river's terraces). It was tried to find the appropriate estimation from the position of this anticline and also the part of high Zagros that located below that. It is called KHORRAMABAD fault (tavakoli and shabanian 2000), is account as a part of fault zone of high Zagros (Barbarian 1995). Regarding to the fact that KHORRAMABAD fault is a part of a blind fault in Zaros zone it is very important of to prove its activity for using in evaluating the hazard seismic of this area and even city planning's. As a result, considering the agitations in the river system of KHORRAMABAD, is an efficient tool for the recognation of the activeness of KHORRAMABAD's anticline as well as it's original fault.

KHORRAMABAD's anticline with its overturned southern limb and NW-SE trend is located near KHORRAMABAD city, in Zagros fold-thrust belt. Three structural cross sections with NE-SW trend was determined and desired structural data (strike and dip) of structures including fault, parasitic folds, and joints were obtained. For geometric analysis, and to determine the folding type related to the thrust faults, different Jamison`s diagrams were used. Results of this study suggest that the geometry of khoramabad's anticline is similar to Fault Propagation Folding and Faulted Detachment Folding. High Zagros Fault in this area, which is known as KHORRAMABAD Thrust, passes from the south of KHORRAMABAD anticline and is the main factor for generation of KHORRAMABAD anticline.

This research is about lexical variation in KHORRAMABAD county of Lorestan province. The data come from the data gathered for Linguistic Atlas of Lorestan. The data are categorized as kinship terms, words related to natural objects, words related to human, animal names, words related to plants, words related to human-made objects, pronouns, demonstrative – place adverbs, question words, and numbers. The language varieties of the villages whose data are analyzed in this research are varieties of Lori and Laki languages for which the coefficient of variation is calculated and analyzed separately. We see not only considerable language variation in KHORRAMABAD, but also many lexical differences in the varieties used in villages of the county. Findings indicate that in both Lori and Laki, the category of number has the least coefficient of variation, and the category of words related to human-made objects has the largest coefficient of variation. The analysis of the data also shows that words for “father”, “language”, “bread”, and “blood” have had the least variation in language varieties whose data have been analyzed in this research, so they can be considered as the most basic words of those language varieties. 1. Introduction In sociolinguistics, dialectology is divided into two main branches, regional dialectology and social dialectology. The main purpose of regional dialectology is studying and documenting language varieties of a particular region, while the purpose of social dialectology is to do the same task about the language varieties of social classes. Based on this categorization, dialects are also divided into "regional dialects" and "social dialects". In Iran, attention to the importance of collecting data of the country's different dialects and the need to prepare an atlas for Iran's languages and dialects has been known by researchers since several decades ago. Lorestan is among the provinces that the Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Tourism has started collecting its villages’ data to prepare the linguistic atlas of the province as a part of Iran's linguistic atlas. Based on these data, in this article, lexical variation of the language varieties of the villages of KHORRAMABAD, the capital of Lorestan province, is analyzed and explained. 2. Theoretical Framework Geeraerts et al. (1994: 3-4) have categorized lexical variation into four categories: "semasiological variation", "onomasiological variation", "contextual variation", and "formal variation". The lexical variation considered in this study is "formal variation" that is a"… situation that a particular referent or type of referent may be named by various lexical items, regardless of whether these represent conceptually different categories or not". In this type of lexical variation, a specific thing, relationship, or concept may be referred to by different lexical items. Such variations are seen in all languages ​​and they can be explained via considering social, historical, geographical, and stylistic factors. 3. Methodology The data of this research have been collected in a field work, using a questionnaire and through face-to-face interviews with the speakers. The questionnaire included a group of words and sentences. The words and sentences are selected in a way that different lexical categories of the language variety in question and its different linguistic structures can be extracted. During the interviews, the data were recorded with the permission of the speakers. Then, using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) the data is transcribed. Then, the data are categorized, and studied and analyzed as kinship terms, words related to natural objects, words related to human, animal names, words related to plants, words related to human-made objects, pronouns, demonstrative-place adverbs, question words and numbers. 4. Results & Discussions Investigation of lexical variation in the eight lexical categories of this study shows that in both Lori and Laki languages, there is no variation in the category of number and therefore this category can be considered as the most fundamental lexical category. Also, the greatest lexical variation, in both languages, can be seen in the category of "words related to human-made objects", that can be explained via consideration of the effect of the geographical environment in which individuals live has on the formation of those entities. A large part of the words of Lori and Laki language varieties of KHORRAMABAD county are common. However, some words are used only in Laki and some only in Lori. As a result, by paying attention to some words, it is possible to know whether the variety in question is Lori or Laki. In addition, there may be an implicative relationship between the use of some words in which phonemes of /z/ and /ʒ/ are used, in a way that-in a number of words-the use of /z/ can be a sign of the variety being Lori, and the use of /ʒ/ can be a sign of the variety being Laki (for example, the use of zæn ‘woman’ and tɛzɡa ‘stove’ in Lori ʒæn ‘woman’ and tæʒɡa ‘stove’ in Laki). These points confirm that Laki and Lori belong to two different subbranches of Iranian languages, Northwestern Iranian and Southwestern Iranian respectively. 5. Conclusions & Suggestions Investigation of lexical variation in the two Iranian languages ​​whose data were studied in this research shows that although language contact has affected the language varieties of the region, they have retained a number of their distinguishing features. Some lexical impacts of Laki on Lori varieties of KHORRAMABAD county are evident, that is why some lexical items used in Lori of the region cannot be seen in other varieties of Lori in other regions of Iran. Among these lexical items, we can mention the use of the word kælæʃir ‘rooster’ in Lori varieties of the region which seems to have entered the Lori of the region of Lorestan from the northwestern Iranian languages ​​ through Laki.

Introduction: Complications due to iodine deficiency involve millions of people throughout the world. Suitable ways to restore iodine deficiency are iodized salt and iodized oil, so that one dose of iodized oil can meet iodine deficiency for 3-5 years.The aim of this study was to assess dermatological complications of Lipiodol injection in KHORRAMABAD.Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study dermatological effects due to injection of 0.5-1 ml Lipiodol in 116 patients who referred to KHORRAMABAD dermatology clinic during the second half of the year 1998, were studied. Data collecting tool was a questionnaire.Findings: From 116 patients 115 were female and one of them was male. About 78% of the skin complications have been occurred one month after the injection and more in the age group of 24-33 (43.96%).25.8% of the cases had history of allergy to food and drug. 91.3% of the lesions belonged to injection place (hip and arm) and the rest (8.7%) was generalized. Lesions had been mostly started with itching of injecting area and then some erythema rashes and local edema have been added. In some cases edema and erythema involved the body surface completely. Conclusion: According to the present data it can be deduced that skin lesions probable mechanism is delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Thus regarding too less dermatological complications due to Lipiodol injection, this method of iodizing can still be a useful treatment in gaiter hyper endemic regions provided, considering special arrangements for high risk people.

In order to study the effect of asphalt road on species diversity of trees and shrubs in Perc forest of KHORRAMABAD, 42 circular plots with 0. 12 ha from both sides of the road (with longitudinal intervals of 300 meters along the road and also 20, 200 and 400m intervals perpendicular to the road) were established. The indices used to investigating the species diversity were richness (Margalef and Minhinich), evenness (Simpson and Smith-Wilson) and diversity (Shannon-Wiener and Simpson). In this study, 9 different woody plant species were identified. Obtained results showed that with going away of the road into the forest, species richness and diversity significantly increase but evenness indices showed no significant difference. The highest and lowest obtained mean deviation in different distances from the road, were related to Margalef's richness and Simpson's evenness indices. In fact, the negative impact of roads on species richness has been more than evenness and therefore, preserving species richness is one of the priorities of sustainability in the region.

Introduction: Saffron (Crocus sativus L. ) a perennial herbaceous is one of the most important crops. It is a valuable ketchup and its demand for consumption has been increased due to many medicinal and pharmacological applications. Saffron is a male sterile and can be propagated only by its corm and produces daughter corms. Cultivation of saffron is challenged by biotic stresses and corm rot as a biotic stress, is one of the most destructive diseases subterranean organs. Because of the insufficient information about corm rot etiology, investigation and identification of harmful agents is essential. Different pathogens such as fungi affect growth of corm and identification of these fungi is critical in cultivation of saffron. Occurrence of saffron corm rot has been reported from many countries and various microorganisms such as Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Bacillus and Burkhulderia have been isolated from rotted corm of saffron. The present study was conducted to identify fungi associated with corm of saffron in KHORRAMABAD. Materials and Methods: Infected corms of saffron were randomly collected from different regions of KHORRAMABAD in Lorestan province (10 regions). The infected tissues were surface-sterilized with sodium hypochlorite (5%) for 1 min, and washed three times by sterile distilled water, dried on sterile filter paper and directly placed on the surface of potato dextrose agar medium. The PDA plates were incubated for 7 days at 25±2°C and then were purified using single spore method. Morpho-cultural characteristics of fungi were studied on carnation leaf agar and potato carrot agar media. Microscopic measurement and images of reproductive structures were carried out under a Nikon microscope. Pathogenicity test was conducted to evaluate the ability of isolates to colonize saffron corms. Conidial suspension was prepared from cultured isolates on potato dextrose broth medium and adjusted at a concentration of 1×106 conidia/ml. To inoculation, saffron corms were submerged in the conidial suspension, then planted in an aseptic soil and maintained for 4 weeks under controlled conditions in a greenhouse with 23 ± 2°C and 70% relative humidity. The disease incidence and severity was inspected daily and finally Koch’s postulates were tested. Results and Discussion: Totally, 58 isolates were collected and four species including of Alternaria alternata, Fusarium solani, F. acuminatum and F. oxysporum were isolated and identified on the basis of morphological characteristics. The A. alternate (25 isolates) and F. acuminatum (4 isolates) were the most and the least frequent respectively. According to the pathogenic test under the controlled conditions, F. oxysporum was the most aggressive and A. alternate was weakly pathogenic. There was not previous report of incidence of F. acuminatum and F. solani on saffron corm from the world and Iran respectively. The results of this research are in agreement with previous studies that showed corm rot is a major challenge in saffron cultivation. Corm rot is a complex disease and frequency, diversity and distribution of pathogens may be different due to cultivar type, agricultural practices, and climatological parameters. However, Fusarium spp. are the main agent of corm rot and F. oxysporum is the most predominant in saffron growing areas of the world. Moreover, Fusarium spp. have been reported as serious pathogen of subterranean organs of many crops such as potato, rice, wheat, and barley. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that corm rot is a serious constraint in saffron production. Although A. alternata was the most frequent species in rotted corms, Fusarium spp. especially F. oxysporum were more aggressive and virulent on saffron. In addition, isolating saprophytic fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium and Rhizopus in our research showed that saffron corm is potentially exposed to infectious by varous fungi. Etiology of saffron corm rot is essential and results of this study can be helpful in management of saffron cultivation.

Introduction: The rapid growth of population in the world, especially in developing countries, has led to many problems. Issues that, more than anything else, have led to the physical expansion of cities, the decline in the quality of the urban environment, and instability. in 2012, UN-Habitat a new approach to urban development. A holistic and integrated approach to promote welfare and play a public role. This new approach helps cities better manage the city's future in the economic, political, social and environmental spheres. This approach, called urban prosperity, A prosperous city is one that provides productivity, infrastructure, quality of life, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability. On the other hand, in many cities, the degree of social stability of citizens and urban areas depends on the indicators of urban prosperity prevailing in those areas. A sustainable city achieves a dynamic balance between economic, environmental and socio-cultural components. Accordingly, in this study, urban prosperity and social sustainability as well as the effect of urban prosperity on social sustainability in KHORRAMABAD are investigated. Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical in nature and applied in terms of purpose. Research data were collected in two ways: documentary and field. The statistical population of the study is the residents of KHORRAMABAD, which was selected as a sample size using Cochran's formula of 364 people by simple random method. Questionnaires were designed according to the number of population among the residents of 24 districts of KHORRAMABAD. Multivariate t-test was used to measure the variables of urban prosperity and social sustainability and multivariate regression test was used to evaluate the effect of urban prosperity indicators on social sustainability in KHORRAMABAD. Results and discussion: The results showed that the indicators of prosperity in the city of KHORRAMABAD are moderate. The value of the test in the research variables is 3 and the average of the infrastructure and environmental sustainability index variable according to Table 3 is more than 3. In this regard, the average index of productivity, quality of life and social inclusion is less than 3. Therefore, according to the significance level, which is less than 0. 05, it can be said that the situation of urban prosperity in terms of infrastructure and environmental sustainability indicators is moderately to high. In terms of productivity, inclusion and social inclusion, the status of urban prosperity is evaluated downwards and the mean of the quality of life index variable is less than 3 because the lower limit is negative and the upper limit is positive, so the average value obtained by the test is (3). And there is no significant difference between them. Therefore, it can be said that the situation of quality of life index in KHORRAMABAD is evaluated as moderate. On the other hand, the results of measuring urban sustainability indicators were also evaluated at an average level. Given that the value of the test in the research variables is 3 and the average of the social stability index variable is dependence coefficient, social interaction, social capital status, honesty in social behaviors and participation in local activities according to Table 4, so It can be said that the social stability of these indicators in the city of KHORRAMABAD is assessed as above average. In this regard, the average of the variables of responsibility and civil or institutional trust according to the table is less than 3 because the lower limit is negative and the upper limit is positive, so the average value obtained by the test is equal to (3) and there is no significant difference between them. Therefore, these variables are evaluated as average. Also, the variables of satisfaction with the level of access to services, sense of belonging, interpersonal trust, hours of volunteering, transparency, insurance, social justice and education and research according to the table are less than 3 because the lower and upper limits are both negative. And the significance level is less than 0. 05, so the mean obtained is less than the value of test (3) and there is no significant difference between them. Therefore, the status of social stability of these variables in the city of KHORRAMABAD has a low status. On the other hand, the spatial distribution of urban prosperity scores and social stability at the district level indicates the correlation (r = 0. 873) between these two concepts. In other words, the areas that had a higher or lower than average score in terms of prosperity, mainly in the field of social sustainability, had the same procedure. Also, based on the results of linear regression, productivity indices with 0. 383, quality of life with 0. 352, infrastructure 0. 297, environmental sustainability 0. 204, and social inclusion with 0. 186, respectively, have had the greatest effect on social sustainability. Conclusion: The results of the tests show that the concept of urban prosperity, which has been mentioned by the international community, has a challenge in the city of KHORRAMABAD. This challenge arises from at least two cases, 1. Low level of score of some indicators from the middle level such as productivity and inclusion and social inclusion, 2. Imbalance and harmony between the dimensions (wheel blades) of prosperity. The results showed that the indicators of prosperity in the city of KHORRAMABAD are moderate. On the other hand, the results of measuring urban sustainability indicators were also evaluated at an average level. However, changes in the indicators measured at the area level are tangible. On the other hand, the spatial distribution of urban prosperity scores and social stability at the district level indicates the correlation (r = 0. 873) between these two concepts. As in the case of areas with higher or lower than average scores in terms of prosperity, mainly in the field of social sustainability have had the same procedure. Also, based on the results of linear regression, productivity indices with 0. 383, quality of life with 0. 352, infrastructure 0. 297, environmental sustainability 0. 204, and social inclusion with 0. 186 had the most effect on social sustainability, respectively.

Objectives: This research was conducted to show the prevalence of child abuse in the secondary school students in the town of KHORRAMABAD. The effective factors were also determined. Method: 240 students (117 girls, 123 boys) in the first, second, and third grades of secondary schools were selected randomly as the subjects of this cross-sectional and descriptive study. Child Abuse and Neglect Questionnaire were used as the main instrument. The findings were analyzed and interpreted by descriptive statistics and c2. Findings: The most prevalent abuse was related to that of emotional abuse implicated respectively by the fathers, mothers, sisters, and brothers in both boys and girls (91.6%). By and large (58.2%), parents and brothers physically abused the children. 38 subjects, all girls (32.5%) reported to having been sexually abused. A significant correlation was indicated between emotional and physical abuse with family financial status, birth order, mental ill-ness and illicit drug addiction of family members and family social interactions. There was no significant correlation between the age of parents with physical and emotional abuse. Furthermore, no significant correlation was noted between the parents’ occupation and level of education with emotional abuse.Results: Child abuse is prevalent and it is mostly implicated by the parents.

The fauna of Thysanoptera was studied in KHORRAMABAD region, Iran during 2009-2010.Altogether 8 species from 4 genera and 3 families were collected and identified Which the asterisked species among them were new records for Lorestan Province. Some species are also sent to Dr. Mound in Australia for Identification or confirmation. The identified species are as fallow:1- Thrips tabaci Lindeman, 18892- Thrips meridionalis (Priesner, 1926)3- Thrips trehernei Priesner, 1927*4- Thrips vulgatissimus Haliday, 1836*5- Melanthrips pallidior Priesner, 1919*6- Melanthrips fuscus (Sulzer, 1776) *7- Haplothrips tritici (Kurdjumov, 1912)8- Neoheegeria dalmatica Schmutz, 1909*.