In this study, a weak nation-state is identified in a specific geopolitical context relative to other states. this study defines a weak nation-state as a nation-state which has low maneuverability in a particular geopolitical context. Although geopolitical structures provide a weak nation-state with constraints rather than opportunities, a weak nation-state has some geopolitical agency through the formulation of its geopolitical discourses. In a particular geopolitical context, weak nation-states, as geopolitical agents, face not only constraints but also take advantage of the opportunities of geopolitical structures. This study is an attempt to provide a theoretical framework for explaining a weak nation-state’ s foreign and security policies using the concepts of geopolitical culture. The framework focuses on three theoretical points: 1) Geopolitical agency of a weak nation-statein geopolitical contexts, 2) the relationship between the geopolitical visions and codes of a weak nation-state, 3) A weak nation-state’ s construction of territory for its geopoliticalDiscourses. This study analyzes the way-with the help of descriptive and theoretical basis of Geopolitical structure / agencies to prove their hypothesis deal.

With the establishment of safe zone in April 1991 the sovereignty of the Ba'th Party over the 36th parallel north was eliminated and an autonomous government was established in the said region. The formation of an autonomous government in the region and its establishment in the Iraqi Constitution along with the recognition of this government within the framework of federalism, legal recognition of the Kurdish military forces and Kurdish language, and the participation of the Kurds in the hierarchy of central government turned KRG into an affective element in the whole Iraqi political system. The present paper will study the impact of this government on the ethnocentric movements in the neighboring areas.

Objective: Epididymo-orchitis (EO) potentially results in reduced fertility in up to 60% of affected patients. The anti-inflammatory effects of Korean red ginseng (KRG) and its ability to act as an immunoenhancer in parallel with the beneficial effects of this ancient herbal medicine on the reproductive systems of animals and humans led us to evaluate its protective effects against acute EO.Materials and Methods: This animal experimental study was conducted in the Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), Zanjan, Iran during 2013-2015. We divided 50 Wistar rats into five following groups (n=10 per group): i. Control-intact animals, ii. Vehicle-phosphate buffered saline (PBS) injection into the vas deferens, iii. KRG-an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of KRG, iv.EO-an injection of uropathogenicEscherichia coli (UPEC) strain M39 into the vas deferens, and v. EO/ KRG-injections of both UPEC strain M39 and KRG. The treatment lasted seven days. We then evaluated sperm parameters, number of germ cell layers, Johnson’s criteria, germ cell apoptosis, body weight and relative sex organs weight.Results: Acute EO increased the relative weight of prostate and seminal vesicles (P≤0.05).It also reduced sperm quality such as total motility, sperm concentration (P≤0.01), and the percentage of normal sperm (P≤0.001). Moreover, acute EO decreased Miller’s (P≤.05) and Johnsen’s scores and increased apoptotic indexes of spermatogenic cells (P≤.001).KRG treatment decreased prostate weight gain (P≤.05) and improved the percentage of sperm with normal morphology, total motility (P≤.01), and progressive motility (P≤.05).The apoptotic indexes of spermatogenic cells reduced (P≤.001), whereas both Johnsen’s (P≤.01) and Miller’s criteria increased in the KRG-treated EO testis (P≤.05).Conclusion: Consequently, KRG ameliorated the devastating effects of EO on the sperm retrieved from either epididymis or testicle in rats.

The question of this research is examination the most important identity ideas that effecting on formation Iran foreign policy behavior unto Kurdistan regional government. These ideas have assessment in three levels with a descriptive-analytical approach: domestic, regional and international. In domestic dimension, Iran Kurdish character (especially Sunni Kurdish) as important variable on Iran foreign policy unto KRG has analyzing on three field containing political, economical and cultural. Political ideas especially different imagination Islamic republic of Iran and some Iran opposition Kurdish groups that supported by KRG led to securitization Iran foreign policy unto KRG. In economical dimension relations between both parties developing, however stocks of Iran Kurdish regions assess few. In cultural ideas there were identity-Differentiation, that prevented bi-cultural collaboration. In regional ideas the Iran priority after 2003 was Iraq Shiite central state that always influence on Iran and KRG relations. International ideas also causes as divergent factor. Islamic republic of Iran has recognizing USA and Israel as identity-others that have trying to decreases their influence in KRG.

After the collapse of the Baath regime Iraq into the new structure of governance and power sharing system between ethno-religious blocs and the Kurdish people due to the opportunities could be legalized their demands in Iraq's new system and formed the KRG. According to cracks Kurdish identity with the central government And high geopolitical weight the Kurdish turned The non-aligned policies with the central government in economic, political, security and etc. This situation creates numerous challenges between the KRG and the central government. This research is applied and is discussed to collect data by Descriptive- Analytical and library- online references. First, to review and explain the challenges between the KRG and Iraq's central government; And then by using the data obtained its impact on the future of Iraq's political challenges have been examined. The results show that between KRG and the central government are numerous structural and functional challenges; including: (direct sales of oil and economic policies, military, foreign relations and territoriality in the Kurdish areas outside Kurdistan). If these challenges are not resolved legally and understanding between the parties the political future of Iraq and the KRG are at risk and exacerbating the crisis in that country.

Oil is one of the main issues of concern between the KRG and the Iraqi central government which has gained growing attention in recent years. This issue has developed extensive dimensions during the past recent years which led the divergence between the KRG and the central government and deepened the existing gap increasingly. Much of the tension goes back to the mentality and concepts on which both sides have agreed according to which they try to act. In this research we seek to investigate the issue, which could be called the second crisis of Iraq’s oil, to see what strategies and plans the KRG adopts for its oil production under its own control. The hypothesis of the study suggests that since socio-political structures of Kurdistan have always evolved around the concept of "autonomy and independence", the issue of oil can be used as an economic catalyst in line with these definitions. In this study, the descriptive-qualitative method and the theory of constructivism is applied for analysis.

One of most sensitive relationships in the Middle East is that between Turkeyand Iraq. Crucial in Turkey’ s relationship with Iraq is its view of IraqiKurdistan. This article studies the development of the Turkish foreign policytowards Iraqi Central and Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in 2005-2015. The article analyzes several dimensions of Turkey’ s foreign policytowards Iraqi Central Government and KRG. Many observers have stressed oncontradictory nature of Turkey’ s foreign policy towards Iraq in post-2003 era. So the main question of this article is why there has not been a coherentapproach in Turkish foreign policy towards central government of Baghdad andregional government of Erbil in 2005-2015? The answer of the article as itshypothesis is failing nature of Iraq central government and the vast oil resourcesin Kurdistan region have encouraged a pragmatic and ups and down relationsbetween Ankara, Baghdad and Erbil in 2005-2015 which could be characterizedby deep contradictories in economic and security goals. The article shows thatAnkara increasing relations with KRG is a reflection of Turkish limits ofinfluence in Iraq and in the region as a whole.

Two different coefficient approximation methods are implemented during a Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) approach to analyze a Multi-Stream Heat Exchanger used in cold boxes. Variable-property three-dimensional modeling is used to collect snapshots. Fluid-solid domains are modeled conjugately, and a dimensionless vector-valued approach is suggested for the bases. The Kriging (KRG) and Inverse-Distance Weighted (IDW) methods are employed to approximate the base coefficients according to the Reynolds numbers of streams, and the results are compared. The field is reconstructed for a full interpolation of the POD weighting coefficients and also for a partial extrapolation of them. CFD solution is the criterion for the calculation of deviations. Based on the total heat exchange and exit temperature prediction , the KRG method outperforms the IDW method in 83% of the cases. IDW has better results in some extrapolated cases, although the deviation is substantial for both approaches in these cases. The necessary number of bases depends on the required post-processing for the intended parameter.

This paper aims to investigate the role of accounting measurement and disclosure of social capital in improving the quality of accounting information which covers reliability, relevance, comparability, and consistency. The sample of this research paper is the industrial companies in Sulaymaniyah, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRG). Accordingly, a hypothesis has been developed that accounting measurement and disclosure of social capital play a significant role in improving the relevance, reliability, comparability, and consistency of accounting information. The hypotheses were tested through a questionnaire that has been distributed among 350 employees. It was analyzed by using a stratified sampling methodology. The research methodology comprised demographic analysis, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. The findings suggest that accounting measurement and disclosure of social capital have a significant and positive effect on the relevance, reliability, comparability, and consistency of accounting information. The research is limited to industrial companies in Sulaymaniyah, KRG. Thus, the findings cannot be comprehensive unless the other scholars further considered various companies, philosophies, agricultural or trading companies.