Introduction: The aim of this study is to determine some of the maternal risk factors that lead to preterm delivery. Recognizing these risk factors makes it possible to prevent preterm labors as the most frequent cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical research study. The data were collected from the recorded information in the files of mothers and preterm neonates that had been born in Bahman 22nd and Shahrivar 17th Hospitals in Mashhad during 2007-2009. The case group consists of 360 preterm deliveries (before week 37th of gestation). The control group consists of 360 term deliveries (after week 37th of gestation). In this study, some of the maternal risk factors leading to preterm labor were taken into consideration. The criteria selected were: maternity age, previous abortions, number of previous pregnancies, preeclampsia, the number and gender of fetuses, diabetes and bacterial vaginitis. Also, UTI, the premature rupture of membrane (PROM) was extracted from the registration records. Using SPSS, the two groups were compared and the data were analyzed with the method of chi- square test.Results: In this study, the prevalence rate of preterm labor was estimated as 6.1%. The findings suggest that maternal risk factors, such as diabetes, UTI, maternity age, the number of previous pregnancies and the gender of fetus did not cause any significant difference between the groups of the study, but we found significant p-value for the risk factors, such as bacterial vaginitis, PROM, preeclampsia, previous abortions, and the number of fetuses. Conclusion: We can reduce the incidence of preterm labor as a result of which the rate of morbidity and mortality of preterm neonates would decrease. This can be materialize  through early diagnosis and treatment of maternal genitourinary infections, prevention of premature rupture (PROM) and preeclampsia as well as preventing repeated abortions and iatrogenic multiple gestation with induction of ovulation.

The present study was conducted by examining the views of relevant experts and their exposure to child labor in Shiraz. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews and analyzed based on grounded theory. Ten axial categories and one core category were extracted from the coding process. The core category was developed under the title of "institutional passivity and sectoralism". The results of the research showed that the causal conditions such as incompatibility and institutional and managerial confusion, diversity of perspectives to the phenomenon of child labor and non-governmental organizations and indifference towards child labor has caused the emergence of this phenomenon. Intervening conditions include: negative representation and conflicting media activities, Inhibition of some domestic and international rules and laws and child labor of nationals and the problem of identification and identity. This central phenomenon is located in special conditions and contexts due to family pressure and starting the work process in childhood, child labor as an income generating industry, child labor as a source of financial support for the family and the unique opportunity for working children, and Shiraz's oppurtunities for immigrants. The type of encounter with working children in Shiraz has caused numerous consequences that can be seen Unreasonable increase of child labor of nationals, Failure to contain and control the problem of working children, lack of proper organization and social support of working children, Anonymity of working children and persuasion and encouragement of nationals to immigrate to Shiraz.

Purpose: Reports the role of the International Labor Office (ILO) in enacting and formulating the first labor law in Iran in the late Qajarid and early Pahlavi years Method and Research Design: Archival records and library materials were examined to collect data. Findings & Conclusion: Reza Shah (1925-1941) was not interested in regulating employer-employee relation partly because of partly because of an undeveloped economy and the lack of the industrial proletariat. His concern about the left-wing parties. Initially he preferred to preserve the traditional work relation. He regarded the matter of merely internal He thought he could disregard the demand of ILO for reform. However, later he found it impossible to resisit the international pressure and ordered the first labor laws to be drafted.

Objective: During labor every woman is likely to be apprehensive about some aspect of labor. Patient's morale is important in progress and outcome of labor. Mother's anxiety can cause release of catecholamine’s and decrease uterine contraction, A Supportive companion is a great source of strength to the woman. This study evaluates the effect of labor support from a supportive companion on labor process.Subjects and Methods: This clinical trial was conducted on 150 prim gravid women who randomly assigned into either a supported group (n=75) or a control group (n=75). In additional to the routine care, the women in the supported group received continuous support from a female companion, who was from the patients' family or a friend and has experienced at least a successful vaginal delivery). The companion person accompanied the patients from the time of admission to postpartum ward. The support provided were: encouragement, appeasement, touch, patting and reassurance.Results: Continuous labor support by a companion significantly reduced length of active phase (P<0.01), need for oxytocin augmentation (P<0.01), pain intensity (P<0.05), cesarean section (P<0.05) and increased mother's satisfaction of childbirth experience (P<0.001), but length of the second stage of labor was not significantly affected.Conclusion: Labor support from a companion person is an inexpensive and uncomplicated method that has significant positive effects on labor process.

Background & Aim: Water birth is a non-medical intervention, which has been used throughout the world for many years. It can be considered as a new approach for enjoyable birth in Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of water birth on labor pain during active phase of labor.Patients and Methods: The study was a controlled clinical trial in which 114 full term pregnant women gravida 1st to 3 rd participated. We performed voluntary sampling for experimental group (n=52) and conventional sampling for control group (n=62). Women of both groups, entered the study after having 4-5cm of dilatation (beginning of active phase of labor) and all contributors received special individual care whereas the experimental group was put in a warm water pool of temperature between 36.8°c to 39°c at least for one hour at the beginning of trial, and during the second stage of labor. A 10 point ruler was used to measure labor pain in different stages of labor. We used paired sample t-test in order to compare pain change scores within each group. Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney test and independent sample t-test were used to compare the pain mean scores between two groups. P value<0.05 was considered as statistically significant level.Results: Our finding showed that, in the first 15 minutes the intensity of pain was stabilized in the experimental group, but was increased in control group(P=0.009). In the second stage of labor, the pain was significantly more severe in control than experimental group (P<0.0001). Overall, patients in the experimental group suffered less pain than the controls. With the exception of the above mentioned points, the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Warm water pool can be an effective way to decrease labor pain and alleviating her suffering especially during first and second stages of labor. Although there were not much significant statistical differences between the two groups, experimental group suffered less pain which could be of clinical importance. Even though the pain of labor is lessened to a small extent, it could be a pleasant experience for the mothers and probably an effective step in decreasing the number of selective cesearen sections, which are performed mainly because of fear of labor pain.

Every society needs labor and activity of its people and leaders in order to survive. Labor is a fundamental need which has existed since ancient times and whose importance has increased ever since. Labor is a national capital and can foster development of civilizations. Imam Ali has explained basics and principles of labor and hard work in his priceless book, Nahj al-Balaghah. Imam Ali worked hard in all his life for improvement of the society, and in particular during his reign as caliph.This study adopts a descriptive method and uses information from available books, in particular Nahj al-Balaghah, and aims to explore the place of labor, division of labor and different aspects of labor based on teachings of Nahj al-Balaghah and thereby suggest a strategy for providing healthy and productive labor in today’s societies. According to the findings, labor and division of labor have an important place in the society and play an effective role in the survival, balance, dynamism, livelihood and productivity of all societies. The study also draws on ideas of other thinkers on definition of labor, place of labor, division of labor, advantages and reasons of division of labor, impacts of division of labor, etc. to further expand the discussion.

Science and technology growth and advent of industrial revolution in human communities has caused changes in working conditions; and has brought about labor protests; and Yazd province, which is one the country's industrial pole is not an exception to the rule. The present research has conducted aiming at examining factors, which affected labor protests in Yazd Province within 2002-2006. The research is an applied descriptive survey. Subjects included of two groups: factory workers and a group in charge of labor activities in Yazd province (N=100). The tool used for gathering data was a 27-item questionnaire (a=0.85). The analysis completed through using descriptive statistics and single-sample mean test while using SPSS. All of the hypotheses were approved. The results indicates that as far as some managerial factors such as delayed wage and salary with 52.08 mean has had the highest impact on Yazd province labor protests. Yazd province ranks the first in this regards, while in terms of economic factors it ranks the second with mean of 23.48. Finally, political factors with mean of 22.33 rank the third.