Disorders and problems of the LIGAMENTS of the motor limbs are among the things that severely affect the performance of the horse and cause lameness. Early diagnosis, management and treatment measures will improve the prognosis of treatment. Damage to the LIGAMENTS of the suspensory apparatus, which includes the suspensory ligament and distal sesamoidean LIGAMENTS, is one of the most important ligament injuries of the fore and hind limbs. Despite advances in horse care, ligament injuries continue to occur. In this paper, we review the types of ligament problems in the limbs, etiology, clinical signs, examination, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.

Objective: Anatomical studies of tarsal LIGAMENTS of Iranian one humped camel. Design: Anatomical studies of tarsal joint of camel by dissection and cutting different sections. Animals: Fifteen hind limbes of healty one humped camel. Procedure: Ten fresh and 5 frozen tarsal joints of camel were studied. All LIGAMENTS were dissected and named by N.A.V. Frozen specimens were cut sagittaly and dorsally and internal LIGAMENTS studied properly. Results: Twenty six LIGAMENTS in tarsal joints of one-humped camel were studied there were six groups which classified and named by N.A.V. Clinical implications: From these results, 26 LIGAMENTS were studied and named. Recognizing LIGAMENTS of tarsal joint of one humped camel can help veterinarian for further treatments of injuries in tarsal joint.

Equine lameness due to soft tissue disorders commonly occurs in the forelimbs, particularly involving the palmar metacarpal tendons and LIGAMENTS.Ultrasonographic diagnosis has proved highly popular as an easy, safe, non-invasive method of detecting these lesions, permitting not only their morphologic evaluation but, more importantly, their observation over time.This paper presents a basic review of ultrasonography of tendons and LIGAMENTS of the equine limb especially of palmar/plantar metacarpus/metatarsus and pastern…..

Introduction: Nano-indentation has recently been employed as a powerful tool for determining the mechanical properties of biological tissues on nano and micro scales. A majority of soft biological tissues such as LIGAMENTS and tendons exhibit viscoelastic or time-dependent behaviors. The constitutive characterization of soft tissues is among very important subjects in clinical medicine and especially, biomechanics fields. Periodontal ligament plays an important role in initiating tooth movement when loads are applied to teeth with orthodontic appliances. It is also the most accessible ligament in human body as it can be directly manipulated without any surgical intervention.From a mechanical point of view, this ligament can be considered as a thin interface made by a solid phase, consisting mainly of collagen fibers, which is immersed into a so-called ground substance. However, the viscoelastic constitutive effects of biological tissues are seldom considered rigorous during Nano-indentation tests.Methods: In the present paper, a mathematical contact approach is developed to enable determining creep compliance and relaxation modulus of distinct periodontal LIGAMENTS, using constant–rate indentation and loading time histories, respectively. An adequate curve-fitting method is presented to determine these characteristics based on the Nano-indentation of rigid Berkovich tips. Generalized Voigt-Kelvin and Wiechert models are used to model constitutive equations of periodontal LIGAMENTS, in which the relaxation and creep functions are represented by series of decaying exponential functions of time.Results: Time-dependent creep compliance and relaxation function have been obtained for tissue specimens of periodontal LIGAMENTS.Conclusion: To improve accuracy, relaxation and creep moduli are measured from two tests separately. Stress relaxation effects appear more rapidly than creep in the periodontal LIGAMENTS.

Objective- To consider the possibility of ultrasonography evaluation of the plantar tendons and LIGAMENTS and prepare a standard reference for it.Design- Descriptive studyAnimals- 7 female healthy Caspian miniature horses'-age 7year- no clinical sign of lameness and prior to presentation.Procedure- The ultrasonography of the right and the left metatarsal region was performed using a Pie Medical 100 Falco Vet and an 8MHZ linear transducer. The area for ultrasonography was divided to 9 levels (1a-1b-2a-2b-3a-3b-4a-4b-5a), each 3 cm long afterwards.Results- All the structures started to appear with an acceptable contrast and visibility at the 2a level. SDFT and DDFT were well observed from the level 2a however, no definite borders were recognizable as ICL (except one case) and echogenicity of DDFT from the 2b level was hyperechoic to isoechoic comparing SDFT and SL from this level observed the branching area was hyperechoic in compare with DDFT & SDFT, however MSL & LSL were hypoechoic comparing SDFT and DDFT.There aren't any difference echogenicity between right and left hind limb.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance- Investigations have proved that there's no difference between the echogenicity of each ligament and tendon in different levels in the left and right limbs which was confirmed in the current inspection as well The conclusions of the current study on the Caspian horse were showen too that highly compatible with the previous vestigations in horses on echogenicity and shape of the plantar tendons and LIGAMENTS. Generally it is assumed that transverse images provide a better image of tendons and LIGAMENTS and any injury in any part of the above structures can be diagnosed easily, however some probable injuries around the tendon may be left unseen in longitudinal images.

Periodontal ligament is a thin layer of soft tissue that connects root of a tooth to the surrounding alveolar bone. These LIGAMENTS play an important role in initiating tooth movement when loads are applied to teeth with orthodontic appliances. The majority of such soft tissues exhibit as viscoelastic bodies or have a time-dependent behavior. Due to the viscoelastic behavior of the periodontal LIGAMENTS, the mechanical properties are strongly affected by the loading history. Poisson's ratios for the viscoelastic materials are time-dependent (in time domain) or complex frequency-dependent (in frequency domain) quantities. Moreover, three-dimensional stress fields depend on these Poisson's ratios. The main objective of this work was to develop a mathematical approach capable of determining the time-dependent Poisson's ratios of the periodontal LIGAMENTS based on experimental data of stress relaxation and creep tests. The resulting stress relaxation and creep curves are described by a three-parameter viscoelastic models. The time-dependent Poisson's ratios of the periodontal LIGAMENTS have been obtained as increasing functions of time, because shear modulus of these LIGAMENTS relaxes much more than their bulk modulus.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sublethal concentrations of silver nitrate on changes in biomarkers of oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde), in the hepatopancreas of white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). For this purpose, whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) post larvae shrimp were exposed to sublethal silver nitrate concentrations (equivalent to 10 % (treatment 1), 25 % (treatment 2), 50 % (treatment 3) and 75 % (treatment 4) LC50 AgNO3) for 21 days. Catalase, glutathione and total antioxidant capacity in treatments 3 and 4 compared to control treatment had a significant decrease while malondialdehyde increased significantly. Also, superoxide dismutase activity in both treatments 3 and 4, total antioxidant capacity decreased significantly only in treatment 4 compared to the control group, but malondialdehyde activity in treatment 4 increased significantly. The results of this study showed that exposure to concentrations of 0.042 and 0.063 mg/L of silver nitrate caused oxidative damage to hepatopancreas tissue of white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).

Tendons and LIGAMENTS in the palmar/plantar aspect of fetlock joints are always exposed to injuries resulting from traumas and diseases of limbs. Ultrasound has wide extensive use in the diagnosis and measurement of equine soft tissues and musculoskeletal injuries in horses. The purpose of the current research is to measure and comparison of the fetlock joint tendons and LIGAMENTS dimensions in the front and hind limbs of sound Darehshori horses. This study consisted of ten healthy Darehshori horses whose mean age and height of them were 11.2 ± 3.5 years and 151.6 ± 10.2 cm. After clipping and washing, the area between 4 cm above the proximal sesamoid bones and distal to the level of the proximal sesamoid bones was divided into 2 levels in sagittal and 3 levels in transverse view. Ultrasonography was performed with a linear transducer 12 MHz Frequency on both front and hind limbs in full weight bearing. Measurements of tendons and LIGAMENTS such as the superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon, and suspensory ligament were done in both sagittal and transverse view. Transverse ultrasonography was made to get the measurements such as thickness, width, and cross-sectional area of tendons and LIGAMENTS. Echogenicity and fibrillary pattern of tendons and LIGAMENTS were assessed in longitudinal images. In the front and hind limbs, the greatest width of digital flexor tendons and suspensory ligament was related to the front joints while the greatest thickness was related to the digital flexor tendons and suspensory ligament in the hind joints. As the results in the present study revealed, no significant differences were found between the amounts of the left and right front and hind limbs of sound Darehshori horses. In conclusion, this study provides thorough, in-depth knowledge of the normal ultrasound measurements of the tendon and LIGAMENTS in the fetlock joints.

Background: Evaluating concomitant injury in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is important for predicting long-term results. Meniscofemoral ligament (MFL) rupture has been observed in patients with anterior cruciate ligament rupture in arthroscopic evaluation for ruptured ACL. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the concomitant meniscofemoral LIGAMENTS injury in patients with anterior cruciate ligament ruptures via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: A total of 200 patients (with ruptured ACL, n = 100; with intact ACL, n = 100) were retrospectively evaluated via MRI. In the group with ruptured ACL; the patients who were diagnosed as having noncontact ACL injuries and had undergone primary ACL reconstructions were included. The control group included 100 patients with suspected ACL rupture (from a similar injury mechanism) and whose MRI revealed an intact ACL. In the group with ruptured ACL, the time from injury to MRI was evaluated. A comparison of the presence of anterior MFL (aMFL) and posterior MFL (pMFL) between the two groups was evaluated. Results: In the ACL ruptured group, a significantly lower presence of aMFL or pMFL was observed compared to the control group (P = 0. 001). The time from injury to MRI was significantly higher in the patients with absent MFL defined in MRI relative to the other groups (P = 0. 001). Conclusions: We observed absence of MFLs (aMFL and pMFL) in a significant majority of patients with ruptured ACLs. Furthermore, we found a significant relationship between the time from injury to MRI and absence of MFL in the ruptured ACL group.