THE CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA OF LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GASES (LPG) AROMATIZATION UNDER COKE-FREE OPERATING CONDITIONS WAS STUDIED. THE TOTAL GIBBS FREE ENERGY MINIMIZATION WAS APPLIED TO STUDY THE INFLUENCE OF OPERATING PARAMETERS (TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE AND FEED COMPOSITION) ON EQUILIBRIUM PRODUCTS COMPOSITION UNDER NON-OXIDATIVE CONDITIONS. NUMERICAL RESULTS SHOWED THAT WITH INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE, FORMATION OF AROMATICS (BENZENE, TOLUENE, MIXED XYLENES) AND OLEFINS IS INCREASED WHILE, SELECTIVITY OF PARAFFINS IS REDUCED. AS THE SYSTEM PRESSURE IS INCREASED, FORMATION OF AROMATICS AND OLEFINS IS DECREASED, WHEREAS, PARAFFINS FORMATION IS ENHANCED. METHANE SELECTIVITY INCREASES WITH RISING C3H8/ (C3H8+C4H10) MOLAR RATIO IN THE FEED WHEREAS, BENZENE SELECTIVITY DECREASES.

LPG PIPELINES AROUND FACILITIES AND STORAGES ARE SOURCE OF HAZARDS IN INDUSTRIAL AREAS. SUITABLE ARRANGEMENT AND SAFE DISTANCES FOR LPG PIPELINES WILL LEAD TO DECREASE IN POTENTIAL DAMAGE OF INCIDENTS CAUSED BY THESE PIPELINES.HAZARDS OF LPG PIPELINE ACROSS THE GENERAL STORAGE IN SOUTH PARS GAS FIELD PLANT HAS BEEN STUDIED IN THIS PAPER. TO HAVE A COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION, LPG PIPELINE HAZARDS WERE IDENTIFIED TO SPECIFY CREDIBLE INCIDENTS. ALSO CONSEQUENCES PREDICTION, FATALITY PROBABILITY DETERMINATION AND FREQUENCY ANALYSIS HAVE BEEN DONE TO CALCULATE RISK VALUES. THE CALCULATED RISKS COMPARED WITH RISK CRITERIA AND HIGH RISK AREA, ALARP REGION AND LOW RISK AREA WERE SPECIFIED.

LNG IS LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS, WHICH IS THE VERY COLD LIQUID FORM OF NATURAL GAS—THE FUEL THAT’S BURNED IN GAS STOVES, HOME HEATERS, AND ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS. WHEN IT WARMS BACK UP, LNG BECOMES NATURAL GAS AGAIN. THE NATURAL GAS CANNOT BE COOLED WITHOUT LIQUEFYING. NORMALLY, WE SHIP NATURAL GAS BY PIPELINE, BUT WE CAN’T BUILD A PIPELINE FROM THE MIDDLE EAST OR AFRICA TO THE UNITED STATES, SO ENGINEERS CREATED SHIPS CAPABLE OF CARRYING THE LIQUID FORM OF NATURAL GAS. NATURAL GAS NEEDS TO BE LIQUEFIED (COOLED TO BELOW -160OC), BECAUSE WE REQUIRE THE VOLUME CAPACITY OF 600 SHIPS OF NATURAL GAS AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE/PRESSURE TO EQUAL ONE SHIPLOAD OF LNG. THE MOST IMPORTANT IN THESE SHIPS ARE TANK TYPES AND GASES MAINTAIN WHICH IS USED IN LNG/LPG CARRIERS. IN THIS ARTICLE, AT FIRST WE INTRODUCE EXIST TANK TYPES IN LNG/LPG CARRIERS AND THEN DISCUSS ABOUT APPLICATION OF EACH TYPE.

1. INTRODUCTION: MOORING ANALYSIS IS OF PRIME IMPORTANCE FOR THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF PORTS. DYNAMIC MOORING ANALYSIS PROVIDES SIMULATION OF BREASTING AND MOORING INTERACTION OF VESSELS AND MOORING LINES IN A REAL STATE. OSCILLATORY BEHAVIOR OF INCIDENT WAVES AND WIND LOADS ON VESSELS AND THEN ON MOORING POINTS CAN BE SOLELY CONSIDERED BY DYNAMIC ANALYSIS. RECENTLY, IN SOME REGULATIONS DYNAMIC MOORING ANALYSIS IS CONSIDERED MANDATORY FOR JETTIES THAT HANDLE LARGE VESSELS.