There are many differences between the urbanization development and the big urban area creation in the third world countries and the development in western industrial countries just after the industrial revolution. The strong rural attack to the cities, specially big ones in developing countries must be looked at from the view point of destruction of traditional rural production systems and existence of suitable job chances. Migrants reside in locations which are called "sewage margin" or "urban area APANDIS" with minimum primary facillities. Because of increasing shanty locations, we watch irregular extending of social unequality, poverty, unemployment, crime, cultural differences and illiteracy. Bidonvilles are the result of unequal land using between the urban parts that occupate: Lands out of limits. Bidonvilles without recovery possibilities, in the employment and other resources, can take root in rural areas. Most of their hope is working in the city. Across this survey we can count variables and many factors which affect the urban quality. Physical conditions at this slums includes population, lack of  uitable life facilities, lack of infrastructure primary services, and polluted environment. In this location, we watch illiteracy, unemployment, crime, and anormal fluency. This article with emphasis on social effective problem formation aspects in city attempts to study marginality and social effects of it.

Urbanization in recent decades in Iran has experienced rapid growth. One consequence of this rapid growth, is appearance of the informal settlements around the cities. During the period of explosive urban growth in Kermanshah also occurred on the sidelines of the migrants in this city, especially in the largest margin of the Jafarabad, this location from one hand with the remarkable population that mostly were rural migrants and its socio-economic context, makes a high level necessary to study this area. Here we studied some issues same as the causes of migration, period and geographic origin of immigrants, education, aspirations and problems in this margin community, the economic status of households and a little bag housing, family, belonging, citizenship, social life satisfaction, general socio - economic marginalization, Jafarabad is investigated. The survey-based on "questionnaire" with a sample size of 374 from Kermanshah, Jafarabad margin dwellers. Sampling method was the use of cluster sampling and men or women have been interviewed. The results demonstrated that more than seventy percent of the residents live in homes with more than 5 people. Nearly all (97 percent) have house ownership. Residents have a high satisfaction of water, gas and electricity utilities. High unemployment rate and job instability associated with low income and variety of job seeker is characterized. this low-income households spent as much only for basic needs such as food and clothing to be (89 percent) and other expenses ones like Medical expenses is negligible. After the migration often a feel a better position to be evaluated. Economic causes and problems to migration are discussed in the first place. Social networks and migration has been very effective conditioned. Urban services and the satisfaction of those are at medium level. Social deviance rates are high and the amount of citizenship belongs is higher than other cities, and also more willing to participate shoes in the affairs of the city and neighborhood. The older dwellers are more satisfied with the performance of institutions and social participation than young ones. There was no significant difference between men and women attitude on social deviances but in terms of education level, there was a significant differences in this case then those who have attained higher levels education have negative opinion more than those with low education.

Over the past few decades, African American feminist writers have tried to highlight black women’ s double marginalization in the United States and show how they are subalternized by both racist white society and sexist black community. The African American woman is traditionally confined to the domestic roles of a devoted wife and mother, thus required by the totalitarian patriarchal discourse to sacrifice her subjectivity for her husband and children. In her novel Meridian (1976), Alice Walker analyzes the marginality of women in the black community, noting how even a revolutionary movement like the Black Power embraced misogynist norms and demoted women to the status of the so-called second sex. Despite all obstacles, Walker’ s eponymous character, initially battered down by the weight of demeaning stereotypes, finally manages to save her selfhood by transcending the restrictive gender and racial demarcations and fashion a new independent identity. This paper tries to demonstrate how Meridian uses his marginal hybridity as a black woman to form emancipatory ties with other subalternized cultures, most notably that of Native Americans, borrow their discursive practices and ultimately disentangle herself from the fixating shackles of racism and sexism.

This article investigates the process of special development and Landuse of Ein 2 Neighborhood in Ahvaz city during 1335-75. The study shows that the political decisions on the economic growth during 1950 to 60 in Iran in relation with the war between Iran and Iraq had a direct effect on the manifestation of marginality in Ahvaz. On the other hand, the formation of the primery townships with regard to landuse in this area shows a big gap in the indicators’ standard.      

Introduction the issue of the emergence of informal settlements in Saveh is one of the important subjects of urban management and this has been affected by the establishment of Kaveh Industrial City. Establishment of an industrial city in the development and rapid growth and attraction of immigrants from all over Iran, especially the villages of Saveh and neighboring provinces of Hamadan and Kermanshah has played a very important role in the spread of this phenomenon. Urban and industrial Tehran, Arak and Isfahan, especially the capital, has attracted a large population. Also, based on the selected theoretical framework and game theory in Saveh, marginalized people resort to various techniques and methods to survive and stabilize their neighborhood. They play with the official policies of urban management, action and reaction. The actions of the actors towards each other cause them to progress in each stage and enter the next stage, but the end of the story of integration is within the scope of the comprehensive and detailed plan of the city. Finally all slum neighborhoods in the main body of the city will enter and accept by urban management's. Method In this study, various methods and techniques included of field observations, participation in local community events, interviews with key informants, negotiating with local city managers and meta-analysis of consultants' studies, group discussion, and finally surveying among marginal residents Have used in the target area. findings; researchers While studying the emergence and expansion of marginalization, have classified and identified various forms of marginalized neighborhoods in Saveh in the form of five models of emergence and expansion. Findings The city of Saveh has faced rapid growth over the last half century, an important part of this growth has been due to the phenomenon of migration and the formation of informal settlements in the four corners of the city. Researchers presented and classified five typologies of marginal neighborhoods around the city. This typology is based on the knowledge and description of problems in the research field. All community areas as an informal settlements of Saveh in one of the five models (emerging, integrated, with moderate conditions, critical condition and finally areas with special conditions). Due to the different social and physical conditions and distinct these neighborhoods, the approach of urban management should not be a single version for all neighborhoods. 25neighborhoods are in one of the four stages of immigrant arrival, the formation of social cohesion with tools such as building religious affairs, the entry of urban services and infrastructure, and finally the full or partial recognition and accepted by urban organizations and institutions. Discussion It seems that these 4 stages are connected in a chain and according to the game theory, the marginalized people play with the official policies of the city management and the actions and reactions of the actors towards each other cause them to progress in each stage and enter the next stage. It can continue until the end of the integration story within the master city plans.

The research using multiple-group path and factor analysis investigates impact of social marginality on social health. The research uses survey methods collecting data through questionnaire. Research census is people between ages 18 and 29 in Kermanshah and Javanroud cities in Kermanshah province. With intersection of 3 variables including religion, sex and city, there were generated 8 subgroups. Using AMOS software, differences among these subgroups were analyzed. Total sample analyzing demonstrates that independent variables explain 50 percent of dependent variable. Also multiple group analysis shows that measurement and structural model of research are different among 8 subgroups. Sex, religion and city moderate the model and cause differences in latent variables, causal paths factor loadings among 8 subgroups.

Although mothering is widely believed to be a biological and natural stage of women's lives, feminism tells us that not all women have the same experience of mothering. They perceive and act upon it, depending on different cultural contexts. In this research, which includes my reflexive narrative of maternal experience, I attempted to challenge the involvement of dominant ideologies of mothering by narrating the cultural aspects of my own maternal experience. I related this personal story, which challenged my situation alongside others in a social context, to the maternal experience of a marginalized mother. In this regard, I attempted to link our story, which included two small local narratives, to the main body of society by writing a motivational and testimonial text. The story of each of us is full of considerations related to the intersection of gender, ethnicity, social class, language, and other domination systems that determine our privileges, inequalities, and proximity to power. In other words, when the linguistic nature of the word "mother" is replaced by its historical and social reality, it leads to the reproduction of social inequality and marginalizes the maternal experiences of many women.

The theory attributed to Ayatollah Boroujerdi, which considers Shiʻa jurisprudence as marginal to Sunni jurisprudence, is a matter of dispute among jurists. In some interpretations, the scope of this view has extended beyond Shiʻa jurisprudence and has been discussed regarding Shiʻa hadith as well; meaning that Shiʻa hadith is seen as marginal to Sunni hadith and has been influenced by it. In this case, understanding the validity of this theory is an important issue. The present study aims to demonstrate ‘What arguments and evidence exist to support the theory of the marginality of Imamiyyah hadith?’ and ‘What interpretation of it can be presented?’ Clarification regarding the doubts about the impact of Shiʻa hadith necessitates research on this hadith issue. The innovative approach of this research is historical phenomenology, which, according to the author, through recounting the context of the emergence of several hadiths from the chapter on inheritance in Imamiyyah jurisprudence, depicts facets of the historical realities governing Imamiyyah hadith and explains the validity of this theory. According to the author’s explanation, this marginality evokes the tradition of jurists annotating other viewpoints and indicates that some foundational Imamiyyah hadiths emerged in response to, confrontation with, and correction of the views of the general populace.