Maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) method is performed in maxillary or mandibular fractures , plastic surgeries and congenitally anomaly of mandibular. Post operative nausea and vomiting due to anesthesia and opioids is one of the most important complications. This study performed for determination of METOCLOPRAMIDE and metoclopramid plus dexamethasone effects for reduction of nausea and vomiting after maxillomandibular fixation surgery in the patients with mandibular fractures. In this double-blind clinical trial, 60 patients candidated to maxillomandibular fixation surgery were randomized into two treating groups (A: METOCLOPRAMIDE alone, B: METOCLOPRAMIDE + Dexamethasone) and evaluated in nausea and vomiting rates after operation. The patients were followed in three stages in the operation room, in recovery room, and in the ward upto 24 hours. In first stage, 30% of patients in group A and 6% of patients in group B encountered post operative nausea and vomiting. During second stage, these rates were 17% in group A and zero for group B. Non of the patients in both groups, encountered post operative nausea and vomiting in third stage of following. The findings indicate that combination of METOCLOPRAMIDE and dexamethasone can decrease post operative nausea and vomiting incidence rates effectively. Suitable tolerance of patients to drug and less complications of dexamethasone compared risk of post operative vomiting are more factors that account for complication therapy with dexamethasone and other antiemetic agents. However, expand use of this method needs more studied.

In this research, several formulations containing, an anti emetic agent (METOCLOPRAMIDE hydrochloride), a hydrophilic polymer (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose) and a hydrophobic polymer (ethylcellulose 10 cP) were prepared by direct compression. Different factors such as: the effect of different ratios of the polymers, particle size, pressure force and differences of release in acidic and distilled water as media were investigated. After developing the ideal formulation, the effect of changing the ratio of drug in core: coating on the formulation was investigated. Coating of tablets with ethylcellulose, changed the release mechanism of drug and shifted it to near zero order release. The results showed that except when matrices were coated with ethylcellulose, drug release was proportioned to the square root of time, which might be due to the change of release pattern from matrix to reservoir system.

Xylazine is preanesthetic drug that have nausea and vomiting effects. This study was done in order to assessment of the effects of dexamethasone, METOCLOPRAMIDE and the combination of dexamethasone - METOCLOPRAMIDE administrations in prophylaxis of nausea and vomiting after xylazine administration in dogs.15 mixed breed dogs with average weight 18.9±5 Kg were randomly selected in 3 groups including intravenous (I.V) dexamethasone 1mg/kg, I.V METOCLOPRAMIDE 0.5 mg/kg and combination of dexamethasone - METOCLOPRAMIDE (0.5 -1 mg/kg). For induction of anesthesia in all groups, initially I.V diazepam (0.2 mg/kg) then I.V xylazine (2 mg/kg) and I.V morphine (2 mg/kg) were administrated and dexamethasone, METOCLOPRAMIDE and combination of dexamethasone-METOCLOPRAMIDE were injected and dogs were underwent the laparotomy technique. Anesthetic and recovery times, also nausea and vomiting effects at 30 min, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h after anesthesia were recorded and results were analyzed by ANOVA and (P<0.05) were considered significant.Duration of anesthesia at dexamethasone group were 48.2±2.8 min, METOCLOPRAMIDE group 51.7±2.3 min and in dexamethasone-METOCLOPRAMIDE group 45.7±2.3 min, respectively. Significant difference was not seen at duration of anesthesia between three groups (P>0.05) none was seen nausea and vomiting. Single or co-administration of dexamethasone and METOCLOPRAMIDE prevents nausea and vomiting in operation and recovery period.

Context: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) has been introduced as a rare but lethal and idiosyncratic reaction to neuroleptics/ antipsychotics. Themostobvious risk of thissyndromeis the use of neuroleptics, especially high-potency ones. METOCLOPRAMIDE is also known as an anti-nausea medication administered before surgery to manage digestive problems. Evidence Acquisition: Formerly, it had been assumed that METOCLOPRAMIDE was a type of chlorobenzamide that was not in the phenothiazine group but free of extrapyramidal side effects (EPSs). The sequential reports of complications indicate that METOCLOPRAMIDE can cause EPSs and drug-induced motor side effects. A total number of 5044 articles were obtained after the initial search. Then, two researchers independently screened out their titles, and abstracts and 20 articles were finally selected based on the inclusion criteria. Results: Of the 20 articles reporting METOCLOPRAMIDE-induced NMS, treatments had been successful in 16 (80%) cases, but it had led to death in four (20%) patients. There were 11 and 8 male and female patients, respectively, and gender was not mentioned for a patient in one article. The age range of the patients was from six months to 84 years, and the mean age was 50. 92 years. Conclusions: Although NMS following METOCLOPRAMIDE intake is reported very rarely, it should be considered for any psychiatric symptoms with unexpected mental changes, muscle rigidity, and fever after being treated with METOCLOPRAMIDE. The neuroleptic malignant syndrome can occur following multiple doses or just one dose of METOCLOPRAMIDE. Also, METOCLOPRAMIDE use in patients affected with kidney failure is accompanied by a higher risk of NMS. A previous history of NMS, a recent episode of catatonia, and severe agitation are all taken into account as risk factors in this domain.

Introduction: Antiemetics currently in use are not totally effective. Serotonin Receptor Antagonists are a new class of antiemetics that have shown promise for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in many situations. This study aims at evaluating the efficacy of Serotonin Receptor Antagonist, Ondansetron, for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting.materials and methods: This randomized, double-blind study compared the efficacy of an intravenous dose of Ondansetron 4 mg. with METOCLOPRAMIDE 10 mg. for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients undergoing general anesthesia for open abdominal surgery. A total of 126 patients (63 Ondansetron group, 63 METOCLOPRAMIDE group), ASA status I–II, aged 18–65 years, were included and received the study medication after the induction of anaesthesia. A standardized anesthetic technique and intraoperative analgesia were used for all the patients. Within a period of 24 hours after the surgery, the following data were gathered and recorded: the proportion of the patients experiencing no emesis or no nausea as well as those who were provided with rescue antiemetic medication, the duration of nausea and the number of emetic episodes.results: During the overall observation period (i.e.0-24 hours), more patients who had received Ondansetron had significantly no emetic episodes (87.3%) than those who had received METOCLOPRAMIDE (73%, P=0.044). A higher proportion of patients receiving Ondansetron (71.4%) did not experience nausea (METOCLOPRAMIDE 63.5%, P=0.342). Fewer patients in the Ondansetron group required rescue medication (P<0.05).conclusion: Ondansetron was superior to METOCLOPRAMIDE for the prevention of vomiting in the first 24 hours after surgery and the total number of emetic episodes was significantly reduced, as compared with METOCLOPRAMIDE, but no significant differences were observed between Ondansetron and METOCLOPRAMIDE for either the prevention of nausea or the treatment failure.

Background and purpose: Pain is an unpleasant sensory and both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods are applied in sedation management. The analgesic effect of METOCLOPRAMIDE has been reported in some studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of intrathecal administration of METOCLOPRAMIDE in rats. Materials and methods: In this interventional-experimental study, 30 male rats were divided into five groups (n=6 per group). Groups 1, 2, and 3 received 2. 5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg spinal METOCLOPRAMIDE, respectively. Group 4 received 1 mg/kg lidocaine and group 5 (control) received only distilled water. Pain threshold was measured by tail flick test and pain intensity was measured by formalin test. Quantitative pain intensity was measured every five minutes for one hour. Data analysis was carried out in SPSS V26 applying One-way Analysis of Variance and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The study showed that pain threshold was highest in group 4 that received lidocaine (P= 0. 003). There was no significant difference in the onset of pain between the control group and group 1 (P= 0. 079). Pain intensity was found to be lower in group 4 than other groups and group 3 (10 mg/kg METOCLOPRAMIDE) compared with groups 1 and 2 (P=0. 019). Conclusion: METOCLOPRAMIDE is effective in reducing the severity of postoperative pain and higher doses are associated with better results.

Background: We have compared the effectiveness of METOCLOPRAMIDE and ondansetron in the prevention of pruritus caused by intrathecal injection of sufentanil in parturients undergoing elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia.Methods: 123 parturients ASA I & II divided in to 3 groups with random allocation software, with 41 parturient in each group. Spinal anesthesia was performed with 2 ml of bupivacaine 0.5% plus 2.5 microgram sufentanil.The first group received 4mg of ondansetron, the second group 10mg of METOCLOPRAMIDE and the third group placebo, immediately after clamping of the umbilical cord. During surgery and postoperative period, the parturients were assessed for hemodynamic changes, pruritus, nausea and vomiting and shivering.Results: There were significant differences in the incidence of pruritus among three groups. The incidence of moderate pruritus was significantly higher in control group (47.5%) in comparison with ondansetron (15.8%) and METOCLOPRAMIDE (10%) groups. Severe pruritus was significantly higher in the control group (15%).The incidence of shivering was significantly lower in METOCLOPRAMIDE group (37.5% in comparison with 89.5% and 72.5% in the ondansetron and control groups). Moreover, the incidence of nausea and vomiting was significantly higher in placebo group.Conclusion: Ondansetron and METOCLOPRAMIDE can effectively prevent and reduce the severity and the incidence of intrathecal sufentanil induced pruritus. Both drugs can reduce the incidence of nausea and vomiting. METOCLOPRAMIDE also reduces shivering in this study.