There exist some differences between different strains of the nitrogen fixing bacteria in legumes tolerant to salt. Correct selection of bacterial strains resistant to salt can help increase the nitrogen fixation in soils. The study of negative effect of this factor in nitrogen fixation can help us in correct utilization of land. Study of the role of bacterial and plant cell cytoplasmic Membrane which are part of the symbiotic process can help use symbiotic nitrogen fixation for increasing the yield. This study showed that within Lupine and Lucerna and their symbiotic bacteria there are a lot of differences in respect to salt tolerant levels. Lupine had 100 mM and Lucerna 175 mM concentration resistance in root growth conditions and their symbiotic bacteria Lupine tolerated 50mM .and Lucerna 400 mM (NaCl) in solid media conditions, respectively. No active transport to outside the cell through the cytoplasmic layer and their symbiotic constituents (Bacteroids, Cymbiocom) takes place and the salt resistant could be attributed to the intercellular compoundswhich cause osmotic pressure.

Purpose: To compare the anatomical and functional results of deep vitrectomy with and without ILM peeling for full thickness macular hole.Materials & Methods: 37 eyes of 37 patients with full thickness macular hole (FTMH), confirmed by clinical examination and optical coherence tomography (OCT), enrolled in this clinical trial. Based on the stage of FTMH (stage 2, 3, 4) as described by Gass and the techniques of surgery (with or without ILM peeling) the patients were randomized into two different groups. All patients underwent preoperative Act and at least one OCT image was obtained during the postoperative follow up.After obtaining informed consent, deep vitrectomy and 20% SF6 injection was performed. The patients were unaware of their allocation status. Patients data & surgical outcome were collected and statistically analyzed. Anatomical success was defined as hole closure at postoperative OCT and functional success was referred to any improvement in visual acuity. Macular hole index (MHI) was defined as a ratio of the greatest height to the base diameter of the hole on cross-sectional OCT images.Results: 37 eyes of 37 patients (15 men & 22 women) were enrolled. The mean age of the patients was 56.4±21.94 years and FTMH were traumatic in 13 cases (35%) and Idiopathic in 24 (65%) cases. Twenty cases underwent deep vitrectomy with ILM peeling (ILM group) and the remaining cases underwent vitrectomy without ILM peeling (no ILM group).The mean preoperative 10gMAR visual acuity was 1.38±1 in the ILM group and 1.22±0.13 in the no ILM group, these improved to 0.95±1 and 0.77±0.31 postoperatively in the ILM and no ILM group, respectively (P=0.871). The overall anatomical success rate was 64%. The hole was closed in 70% of ILM peeling and 47% in the no ILM group (Chi-square test, P=0.15). In anatomically successful cases the mean of postoperative VA was significantly improved (P=0.001).In traumatic subgroup, ILM peeling seems did not affect the anatomical (P=0.2) and visual Success rates (P=0.5). There was no significant differences in hole closure rates between the traumatic and idiopathic FTMH (P=0.968). Visual acuity significantly improved after operation In MHI ³ 0.5 group compared with the MHk 0.5 group. The stage of the hole did not affect the anatomical success rate (P=0.52) or visual acuity improvement (P=0.741). Macular hole index ³ 0.5 had a prognostic value for postoperative visual acuity improvement. The hole duration was not related to anatomical success rate but there is an inverse relation between duration of the symptoms and improvement in VA.Conclusion: Deep vitrectomy and SF6 injection was a safe & effective surgical technique for full thickness macular hole and peeling of the ILM seems did not affect the anatomical or functional success rates. The hole duration, stage and origin of the hole (traumatic or idiopathic) does not related to the anatomical success or visual acuity improvement. MHI  ³ 0.5 seems to be a prognostic factor for postoperative visual improvement but not for closure rate.

Background & Objectives: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common cause of nosocomial infection. OprD protein is a specific protein regulating the uptake of carbapenem antibiotic. Loss of OprD is the main mechanism of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa resistance to carbapenem. In this study, the presence of OprD gene is investigated in isolated Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in burn patients of Ghotboddin hospital in Shiraz.Material & Methods: Sixtysix Pseudomonas Aeruginosa were isolated from wound specimens of 250 burn patients. Strain characteristics were confirmed by biochemical tests. Antibiogram was done via disc diffusion method. Finally, OprD gene was investigated by PCR.Results: Isolated Pseudomonas Aeruginosa showed more sensitivity to chloramphenicol and colicitin and more resistance to ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, cefotaxim, ceftazidin, imipenem, meropenem, and erythromycin. 61 percent of isolates were positive for OprD gene by PCR.Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that Colicitin and chloramphenicol are more effective in treatment of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa infections in burn patients, and deletion and mutation in OprD gene cause bacterium resistance to carbapenem antibiotic.

Background: One of the toxins accumulated in the body of hemodialysis patients is beta- 2 microglobulin which is caused and increased by various factors. The one of this factors that can affect beta-2 macroglobulin is of Membrane type that using in hemodialysis. In the present study, we examined the impact of C-reactive protein (CRP) as an inflammatory factor on beta-2 microglobulin in high-flux Membrane hemodialysis patients.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in 44 hemodialysis patients that have been dialyzed in two academic centers; Sina and Amir Alam Hospitals, Tehran, Iran from 2013 to 2014. The patients were hemodialyzed via fistula or permanent catheters three times a week for 4 hours for more than three months. Patients with known infectious disease, hemodialysis with low-flux Membrane and dialysis less than three times a week were excluded. All patients were hemodialyzed using Fresenius biocompatible high-flux Membrane (FX 100, Fresenius, Massachusetts, USA). Arterial blood sampling was performed. beta-2 microglobulin, CRP, BUN and creatinine tests were conducted for all patients.Results: Forty-four patients among the chronic hemodialysis patients were selected for final analysis.20 males (44.5%) and 24 females (54.5%) were included in this study.The frequencies of underlying disease in patients participating in the study were as follows: hypertension, 23 cases (52.3%); diabetes mellitus, 11 cases (25%); hypertension and diabetes mellitus, 2 cases (4.5%); obstructive disorder, 2 cases (4.5%). In 23 patients (52.3%), beta-2 macroglobulin was>12 mg/l and in 21 (47.7%), it was<12 mg/l. 29 cases (65.9%) had CRP values less than or equal 6 mg/l. However, there was no significant differences between beta-2 microglobulin and CRP levels (P=0.460). Also regression analysis of data showed no relationship between beta-2 microglobulin and CRP levels (r=-047, P=0.763).Conclusion: Although it seems that inflammatory factors can be effective in increasing beta-2 microglobulin, the present study did not find such a relationship between CRP and beta-2 microglobulin.

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular parasite responsible for ocular and genital infections in human. Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause of chronic follicular conjunctivitis and is also responsible for 20% of acute conjunctivitis cases. As a rapid diagnosis is important in the reducing the long-term squeal of the diseases, the objective of this study was to compare three methods including Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) method, Giemsa staining and PCR for detection of chlamydia trachomatis in patients with follicular conjunctivitis referred to Farabi hospital in 1392.Material and methods: Conjunctival scraps (n=90) were obtained from patients who were referred to the diagnostic laboratory of Farabi hospital during 2012. Smears were prepared by rolling half the swab on to the center of a glass slide. Smears were fixed and used for direct immunofluorescence (DIF) method using a genus specific fluorescein isothyocyanate labelled chlamydia monoclonal antibody. In Giemsa stain, diagnosis was based on the presence of inclusions that were basophilic and stained pinkish –blue.PCR amplification after Extraction performed using CT1 and CT5 primers designed from Omp1 gene.Results: Of the 90 patients examined for Chlamydia trachomatis in the eyes, 28 (31.1%) were positive by DIF and 13 (14.4%) by Giemsa staining; and 35 patients (38.8%) showed positive results in PCR.Sensivity, specificity, predictive positive value and negative predictive value of DIF in comparison to PCR respectively were calculated as 88.33, 100, 100 and 88.70. Sensivity, specificity, predictive positive value and negative predictive value of DIF in comparison to PCR respectively were calculated as 61.40, 100, 100 and 71.42. Therefore sensivity and negative predictive value of DIF are significantly higher than Giemsa staining.Conclusion: According to results of this study DIF is more sensitive and more reliable than Giemsa staining for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in the Conjunctiva Samples of Patients with follicular conjunctivitis.

Background: Based on the previous studies, antibiotics can have affected biological properties of biomass and fouling properties of mixed liquor in aeration tank. The present study was conducted to explore the fouling mechanisms of Membrane bioreactor (MBR) system during the treatment of wastewater containing erythromycin (ERY) antibiotic under several mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentrations. Methods: A lab-scale two-chamber MBR system equipped with a polypropylene hollow fiber submerged Membrane was fed with synthetic wastewater containing different initial concentrations of ERY. MBR system was operated under the constant flux mode and different MLSS concentrations (5. 0-13. 0 g/L) and the obtained results were evaluated using different individual and combined fouling models. Results: The variation of MLSS concentrations had not significantly affected the kind of best-fitted model. From the individual models, the standard model indicated the best performance for permeate prediction under different MLSS concentrations (R2 adj > 0. 997). For all studied MLSS concentrations, the R2 adj values of combined fouling models were higher than 0. 986 and demonstrated good fitness performance of combined models compared to individual models. Overall, the cake-intermediate model showed the lowest fitness, and cake-complete and complete-standard models were the most successful models in filtrated volume prediction in comparison with other combined fouling models. Conclusion: This study indicated that mechanistic models are suitable for fouling prediction of MBR systems in ERY removal and under a wide range of MLSS concentrations and provide valuable information on fouling mechanisms of full-scale MBR systems.

Recently, using Membrane reactors in the processes contain catalytic reaction has attracted much more attention. In such hybrid systems, a Membrane separation process is coupled with the catalytic reaction, and using Membrane is led to increase the selectivity and the efficiency of the reaction. In this study, the types of Membrane reactors based on the geometry, material of the Membrane and the structure and function of catalytic reactors based on location and type of the catalyst are first mentioned. After, the reaction systems coupled with the Membrane separation processes, such as catalytic Membrane reactors, pervaporation Membrane reactors and Membrane bioreactors are investigated. In addition, type of the catalytic Membrane reactors and the reaction occurred in these systems are discussed in detail.