Spinal anesthesia has numerous indications in lower abdomen and limbs surgery, but duration of analgesia and anesthesia is one of the limitation of this method. Lidocaine - the most common drug in spinal anesthesia causes a short term anesthesia and analgesia which is lower than one hour.Today different kinds of drugs are used for enhancing onset, increasing intensity and analgesia duration in spinal anesthesia such as magnesium sulfate which it blocks NMDA receptors. In a randomized double blind c1incial trial study, 80 patients candidate for elective ortopedic surgery in Sina Hospital were divided into two groups. In control group 2mllidocaine 5%+0.5ml sterile water was injected and in the other group 2ml lidocaine 5% +0.5cc magnesium sulfate 10% - without preservative - was injected. The patients were immediately tilted to head up position (15)o.Level of sensory block was evaluated by pin-prick test in midc1avicular line. Analgesic duration was considered from the time of injection until the patient's asking for analgesic or complaining of pain. Anesthesia level was T10-T12 in most patients. Minimum level was T12 an Maximum level was T6 in both groups. The mean analgesic duration was 129± 53.5 min in case group and 67± 36.5 min in control group that is statistically significant (p=0.001). Analgesic duration in case group was between 60 and 240 min and in control group was between 15 min and 150min. In conc1ution, when MgS04 is added to lidocaine in spinal anesthesia, the duration of analgesia is increased significantly. This increase of duration of analgesia was not accompanied by increase of side effects.

Background: According to the text book of obstetrics and Gynecology, prematurity is the first cause of perinatal mortality. Therefore postponing delivery will become mandatory to prevent complications of prematurity. Parental MgSO4 is one of the most common and the safest medications for this purpose.Case report: We present a primigravida patient with multiple uterine myoma who had premature labor and received intravenous MgSO4 for 58 days in order to postpone her delivery while having a cervical dilation of 4-5 cm. The patient underwent C/S at the gestational age of 34 weeks because of reducing fetal movements and Breech presentation.Conclusion: Because of many side effects of long term management with MgSO4 and bed rest, this protocol isn't recommended for all patients.

Background: Spinal Anesthesia has numerous indications in lower abdomen surgery, but duration of analgesia and anesthesia is one of the limitations of this method. Lidocaine-the most common drug in Spinal anesthesia causes a short term anesthesia & analgesia which is lower than one hour. Today different kinds of drugs are for enhancing onset increasing intensity and analgesia duration in spinal anesthesia such as magnesium sulfate which it blocks NMDA receptors.Materials and Methods: In the randomized double blind clinical trial study, 80 patients candidate for first cesarean surgery in Shariati Hospital were divided in to two groups. In control group 2ml Lidocaine 5% + 0.5ml sterile water was injected and in the study group 2ml Lidocaine 5% + 0.5ml magnesium sulfate 10% without preservative was injected. The patients were immediately tilted to head up position.Results: Level of sensory block was evaluated by pin-prick test in midclavicular line. Analgesia duration was considered from the time of injection until the patient's request for analgesic or complaining of pain. Anesthesia level was T6 in most patients. Analgesic duration in case group was between 160.8+49.1 min, in control group was 113.3+7.3 min. That is statistically significant (p=0.001).Conclusions: When Mgs04 is added to lidocaine in spinal anesthesia, the duration of analgesia is increased significantly (P<0.05). This increase of duration of analgesia was not accompanied by increase of side effects. Based on the results of our study, complications such as nausea, vomiting, dyspnea during the surgery and in the recovery room, hypotension during surgery were not statistically different between two groups (p>0.05). 

Objective: To compare the lidocaine-MgSO4 combination with lidocaine-Distilled water in the epidural of indigenous awake dogs.Design: Prospective experimental study.Animals: Five young (12±2 months) female indigenous dogs weighting (10.74±0.44 kg). Procedures- Epidural anesthesia was produced in all dogs with 2% lidocaine (lml/4.5 kg body weight) with l ml distilled water and two weeks later repeated by lidocaine (lml/4.5 kg) with I nil of 10% MgSO4. Time to recumbency, onset time, duration of analgesia and cranial spread of analgesia and standing time were recorded. Heart rate, Respiratory rate and body temperature were recorded at 0 minute prior to epidural administration of each treatment as a base line values and at 5, 10, 15,30,60 and 75 minutes afterwards. Statistical analysis included paired student t-test and ANOVA (Spss, soft ware of windows). p<0.05 was considered as significant level. Results- Significant difference (p<0.05) was noted for onset of analgesia between Lidocaine-Distilled water (2.04±0.14 min) and Lidocaine-MgSO4 (4.70±0.20 min). Lidocaine-MgSO4 produced analgesia of significantly longer duration (185±5.13 min) than that of Lidocaine - Distilled water (49±4.5 min). Lidocaine: Distilled water produced recumbency at 1.48±0.106 min after epidural administration but Lidocaine-MgSO4 did not produce any recumbency throughout the study. Time to standing after epidural injection of Lidocaine-Distilled water was 49.8±1.56 min.Conclusion and clinical relevance The combination of Lidocaine-MgSO4 produced analgesia longer than Lidocaine: Distilled water. Long lasting obstetrical and surgical procedures could commence relatively soon after epidural injection of Lidocaine-MgSO4 and could be completed without re-administration of anesthetic agent.

The thermoluminescence kinetic parameters of MgSO4:Cu microcrystalline was obtained by various methods. These parameters are kinetic order (b), activation energy (E) and frequency factor (s). Deconvolution, Isothermal decay, Various heating rate and Initial rise are the methods that were used in this survey. For obtaining kinetic order of each peak, Deconvolution and Isothermal decay methods were used. In Deconvolution method Im, Tm and number of peaks are the input of the program, the first and second was determined by the shape of each peak, the third was obtained by Tm-Tstop method. Three different methods: Deconvolution, various heating rate and Initial rise was applied to calculate activation energies. Frequency factor or probability of escape for each peak was calculate by Various heating rate method.

Background and objectives: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ) is the most important food plant and the fourth most important crop in the world. Potato micropropagation can be affected by some factors including the composition and amount of salt of ulture medium c. In this study, the effect of increasing in macro element including CaCl2, MgSO4 and KH2PO4 in culture medium on micropropagation and tuberization of potato using three Agria, savalan and Marfona cultivars in MS medium were examined. Materials and methods: To investigate the effect of different concentration of CaCl2, MgSO4 and KH2PO4 on plantlet growth, three separate experiments were performed with four levels (1, 1. 25, 1. 5 and 1. 75 times as much of base MS medium). Each experiment was performed according to the a completely randomized design (RCD) layout with ten replication. After 30 days, the different traits were measured including shoot length per plantlet, mean of root length per plantlet, number of roots per plantlet, leaf size per plantlet, number of nodes per plantlet and mean of minituber weight per plantlet. Then the regenerated plants were acclimatized and cultured in the field conditions in Damavand city for minituber production and the end of growing season number of minitubers per plant and mean of minituber weight per plant were measured. Results: The results of increasing CaCl2 in culture medium indicated that the increasing this salt in medium some traits including shoot length per plantlet and mean of root length per plantlet was improved. The result of the effect of KH2PO4 in medium culture indicated that by using most of the salt concentrations in the culture medium, most of the studied traits were significantly better. Also, the use of high concentrations of MgSO4 in the culture medium significantly improved the studied traits. Conclusion: In general results indicated that the increased of this concentration in macro element in medium culture have significantly increased mean of root length per plantlet, number of roots per plantlet, shoot length per plantlet, number of shoots and number of nodes per plantlet in contrast with control which leads to increased micropropagation rates and save on labor and time. The increased of mean of root length per plantlet and number of roots per plantlet led to fewer plants adapted to be removed. However, in most cases increasing in concentration of macro element in culture medium did not improve number of minitubers per plant and mean of minituber weight per plant.