In this study, zirconia coatings have been prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying under different parameters in air on mild carbon steel substrates. The effects of spraying parameters; powder feed rate and spraying distance (SD), on Microstructure of 8wt%Y2O3-rZrO2 (YSZ) coatings were studied. Measurements were made on specimens in the as- sprayed state. The microstructures of coatings were analyzed by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Phase analyses of the YSZ powder/coatings were examined by X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) operating with Cu Ka and the size and amount of their porosity were evaluated using an Image Analysis method. The results showed by varying spray distance/ powder feed rate, significant changes were detected in the microstructure of the top coat. The total porosity, pore morphology and unmelted particles are correlated with the powder feed rate and spray distance. Also, It was found that the powder feed rate has a larger effect on the coating microstructure than the spray distance in the conditions investigated.

In this research, after pressing in a cylindrical mold, the AA 7075 alloy swarf was melted and cast in a wet sand mold. After rolling and cutting, sheets with two different thicknesses of 6 and 20 mm were obtained. The sheets after homogenization were solutionized at 485°C for 30 and 90 minutes, respectively, due to differences in thickness and thermal gradients. The solutionized samples were quenched in 3 polymer solutions containing 10, 30, and 50% Poly Alekylene Glycol. The results showed that melting, casting, rolling, and heat treatment of AA7075 alloy swarf similar properties to this alloy is achievable. Microstructural studies by optical microscopes (OM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that by increasing the quenching rate after the solutionizing process, precipitation increases during aging. The tensile test results indicated that as the quench rate and internal energy increase, the diffusion driving force would increase the precipitation of alloying elements. Hence, this leads to an increase in hardness and reduction of its strain after aging.

Combined effects of homogenization pressure (0, 50, 150 bar), homogenization sequence (before or after heat treatment), and type of stabilizers (carrageenan, guar and a mixture of carrageenan – guar, either alone or in the presence of starch) on the textural and rheological parameters, including hardness, viscosity, surface tension, syneresis and also Microstructural properties of cream – based dairy dessert were investigated. Homogenization pressure of 50 bars after and 150 bars before heating resulted in the highest and lowest hardnesse, respectively. Homogenization pressure of 50 bars after heating led to the highest surface tension, whereas the lowest obtained when applying 150 bars of pressure following the process of heating. Unhomogenized treatments exhibit the highest syneresis, vise versa; the lowest amount was primarily related to the homogenized treatments (after heating) and secondarily homogenized treatments (before heating). Using carrageenan, alone, caused both the highest hardness and the highest syneresis, and in mixture with guar, the highest surface tension. Guar, alone, led to the lowest hardness, surface tension and syneresis. In the presence of starch, hardness was increased using all three combinations of gums, but surface tension was increased through only carrageenan - guar mixture application. Syneresis was decreased applying carrageenan, alone. Microstructure analysis showed good correspondence with the textural and rheological results.

Today, in order to reduce the harmful effects of the environment and increase the mechanical properties and durability of concrete, particles with high pozzolanic properties are used as a suitable alternative to ordinary cement in concrete. And filler, as an alternative to cement, has attracted the attention of researchers. In this laboratory study to investigate the effects of slag and nanosilica slag consumption on the microstructure of geopolymer concrete and compare it with the characteristics of control concrete containing Portland cement, 1 mixing design of control concrete and 3 mixing designs of geopolymer concrete containing 92, 96 and 100% composite kiln slag was fabricated with 0, 4 and 8% nanosilica, respectively. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was performed. In order to investigate the effect of Microstructural changes on the macro structure of concrete, compressive strength and tensile strength tests were performed on concrete samples at 90 days of age. Examination of the images obtained from the SEM test shows the superiority of the microstructure of the geopolymer cement matrix in all designs, compared to the microstructure of the control concrete containing Portland cement. Celsius), the effects of improvement and cohesion in the microstructure of geopolymer concrete are evident due to the presence of silica nanoparticles, in this regard, the presence of 8% nanosilica in mixture 4 (geopolymer concrete), accelerates the reactivity process and increases the volume of hydrated gels Geopolymerization was compared to other geopolymer concrete mixtures (containing 0 and 4% nanosilica). Images of concrete samples heated to 500 ° C show signs of weakening of the concrete microstructure compared to images taken of concrete at room temperature. The results of XRF test indicate the presence of the highest amount of oxidilica and aluminum oxide (the main factors in improving the density in the microstructure of concrete), in the combination of designs 4 and 2 by 36 and 8%, respectively. The high peaks created in the XRD spectrum diagram often occur in areas with angles (θ2) of 28 °, and their height varies according to the presence of aluminosilicate particles in the concrete mix. The application of high heat to the concrete specimens caused a decrease in the results of the XRD test. Evaluations performed on the results of the test to determine the compressive strength and tensile strength in concrete, showed coordination and overlap with the results of Microstructural tests in this study.

Eqhlid Shear Zone (ESZ) located on 230 Km north of Shiraz City and 45 Km southeast Eqhlid City. This area is part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan paired metamorphic zone, which have been affected by brittle-ductile and ductile deformation. Metamorphic rocks of this area are mainly composed slates, phyllite, metasandstone, crystalline limestone, metadolomite, metavolcanics, and mylonite.In Eqhlid area, several thrust and duplexes are present with NW-striking and NEdipping. The main thrust in area is ESZ. The shear zone and associated thrust and folds are portion of the Main Zagros Thrust orogenic belt and they are parallel with this belt. Observation en-echelon, folded boudinage and asymmetrical folds in mesoscopic scale indicate dextral shear sense of the ESZ.Microscopic studies of the S-type and C-type shear band cleavages and mantled prophyroclasts confirm dextral shear sense. These microstructure formed in greenschist facies conditions.The current studies of kinematics and geometry of thrust and strike-slip faults and shear zone plus micro-structures such as S-C fabrics and asymmetrical folds display dextral oblique transpression of the Afro-Arabian convergence.

Application of ceramic reinforcements is one of the effective and well-known ways to refine the microstructure of brittle metals such as magnesium. In this research, the influence of nano/micro particles of zirconia on the microstructure of cast AZ91 alloy was studied. At the first stage, nano and micro ZrO2 powders were blended through mechanical alloying procedure. In five specimens, the total amount of nano and micro reinforcements in the final mixture was fixed at 5wt%, whereas their ratio was varied. Two other composites were also produced using 5wt% of nano or micro particles of zirconia. These powder mixtures were then stirred in the molten AZ91 at 650oC by vortex method and finally cast in a sand mold at 615oC. For comparison, two monolithic castings including a conventionally cast specimen and a super heat-treated sample were also cast. The average grain sizes for all composites were decreased with respect to both monolithic castings. The best results in terms of grain size and microstructure improvement were obtained for AZ91.5wt% nano ZrO2 composite with remarkable improvement in comparison with monolithic castings.

To reveal Microstructural details in sintered permanent magnets with a composition Nd17Fe765B5Cu15, optical microscopy and analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed, supported by electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermal magnetic analysis (TMA). To obtain good magnetic properties, a two-step heat treatment was applied to the sintered magnets produced by the hydrogen decrepitaion (HD) process. The microstructure consists of four phases: Nd2Fe14B1(Φ), a Nd-rich (n) phase, a Nd1Cu1-type phase and a phase Nd6Fe13Cu1 (Nd30Fe65Cu). The NdCu-type phase is, together with the Nd-rich phase, part of a binary eutectic and exhibits a homogeneity range in composition, whereas none was found for Nd6Fe13Cu1. Studies by electron and X-ray diffraction disclosed a complicated structure which to date has been impossible to determine.

The changes in Microstructural parameters of edible polymer films of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) with plasticizers such as glycerol (GLY) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) have been studied using wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) data and line profile analysis (LPA). Exponential function for the column length distribution has been used for the determination of Microstructural parameters. The crystal imperfection parameters such as crystal size <N>, lattice strain %(g) and orientational parameters have been computed and correlated with the amount of plasticizers. Comparison of orientational parameter with increase in plasticizers suggests that there is increase in the orientation in HPMC films. The flexibility of the films is expected to increase due to decrease in the number of weak inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonds with the addition of plasticizers. From these investigations it is also observed that there is increase in unit cell volume with increase in the plasticizers in HPMC films indicating greater stability of the blends which are essential in packing industry.

In this research, nanopowder hydroxyapatite (HAp) synthesized by hydrothermal method with precursors concluded of calcium and phosphor. Phase analysis, structure, particle size and morphology of HAp were investigated by X-ray diffraction pattern analysis (XRD), zetasizer instrument, scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD results confirmed the formation of hydroxyapatite phase. Presence of two particle size distribution picks in zetasizer curve presented that a part of powder was agglomerated and SEM images have shown this agglomeration. The results showed the minimum temperature of hydroxyapatite is 150oC that formed the mean particle size of HA»80±10 nm and crystallite size»18 nm.