In his book Asas al-ightibas Tusi speaks of a group of logicians who maintain that modality can be applied in order to modalize the quantity of a proposition. The standard view maintains that in a modalized proposition the modal term can only qualify the relation of the predicate to the subject. Avicenna has argued for the first thesis, and a group of well-known logicians followed him. Tusi disagreed. As Tusi precedes some of these logicians the question remains unsettled.The purpose of this article is to articulate the thesis first, and then to discuss Avicenna's reason for proposing it. The article argues that the data he offers in support of his thesis can be interpreted differently, and thus, it is argued that the thesis remains unjustified.

Despite the repetition of themes, Sufi biographies have characteristics that reflect the perspective and ideology of the biographer rather than that of the mystic whose words are quoted. The biographer of a Sufi biography wants to present a narrative that evokes a different outcome or understanding in the reader and audience. To achieve his goal, he uses the means and methods that have the greatest impact. In this article, we have examined and analyzed the method of Attar of Nishapur in writing Tazkerat al-Awliyā based on Paul Simpson's modality model. Tazkerat al-Awliyā is a text with many modalities in which identity and relationships between people are constantly constructed and reconstructed. Attar uses modality verbs effectively to express opinion, judgment, obligation, permission, recommendation and other types of statements. He uses nouns, adjectives, adverbs and their effects to describe and evaluate persons and states. He uses different types of sentences and syntactic structures to organize and structure the text effectively and to present arguments and conclusions to portray characters and consolidate ideology. Paying attention to Attar's modality in Tazkerat al-Awliyā to justify the ecstasy or miracles of the mystics can provide contemporary audiences with a better reading of the stories narrated in Tazkerat al-Awliya. The extensive use of modality in this book serves to create more impact on the reader so that the audience or reader is unconsciously enticed or persuaded to accept a speech or a matter that is not commonplace.  Introduction: Each of the mystical biographies, although speaking of the same subject, has a specific position in the style of writing, the selection or narration of the material, the priority and delay of the subject, the omission, summary or comprehensiveness, the emphasis and highlighting of the individual themes and sayings, and states of the Shaykhs and Sufis. These aspects have resulted in the mystical biographies, despite the repetition of themes, having characteristics that express the perspective and ideology of the author of the biography towards the mystic whose words are quoted or spoken about. The intention of the author of the mystical biography is not only to record and document the lives and events of the characters, but also to present a narrative that would lead to a different outcome or understanding by the reader and the audience. To achieve his goal, he naturally uses means and methods that have the greatest impact. In this article, we will examine and analyze Attar Neyshaburi's style in writing Tazkerat Al-Awliya based on Paul Simpson's model of modality. By examining modality, the extent to which the text follows ideologies and beliefs can be understood. In addition, the modality elements can be used to identify the author's views, commitments and mentality. When the mode appears in the speech, the listener feels that they have addressed a voice that conveys human emotions, concerns, needs and beliefs. The mode thus increases the interaction between the speaker and the audience and creates the ground for a kind of trust and sympathy or conflict in the conversation. Materials and Methods: The research method of this article is descriptive-analytical and the data are analyzed on the basis of the instruments introduced in the theory. The theoretical foundations of this study are based on the influential work by Paul Simpson entitled Language, Ideology and Perspective. Simpson's aim is to introduce a consistent program of critical language analysis and stylistics. At the center of his model is perspective in language. The focus of the present article is on the perspective of psychological level and examining the linguistic element of "face" to discover the attitude of Attar Neyshaburi and the general tone that prevails in the biography. This clarifies the way events pass through the author's consciousness. In this article, the frequency of positive and negative faces in Tazkerat Al-Awliya and the modal discourse functions of the book are explained and analyzed. Results and Discussion: Our main aim is to explore the underlying layers of Tazkerat al-Awliyā's language in order to decipher the meaning of the text and the author's position from his choice of style, because the choice of style actually shapes the meaning of the text. In this research, by examining and analyzing the interaction and blending of the author's perspective or point of view with the ideology, the author's point of view and the nature of his devotion to an ideology is deciphered from the linguistic structures of the work. Conclusion: Tazkerat Al-Awliya is a text with many modalities in which identity and relationships between people are constantly recreated and reconstructed. Attar makes use of "face" to convey the meaning of verbs effectively and to express opinions, judgments, obligations, permissions, recommendations and other types of statements. He uses names, adjectives, adverbs and their effects to describe and evaluate persons and states. He uses different types of sentences and syntactic structures to organize and structure the text effectively and to present arguments and findings, to present characters and to establish ideology. Attar sometimes justifies the ecstasies of the mystics after mentioning them and tries to legitimize the work and speech of the ecstatic mystics. He legitimizes something that is religiously controversial. Attar's attention to the modality in Tazkerat al-Awliya to justify the ecstasy or miracle of the mystics not only shows his interest and commitment to preserving the respect and status of the mystics, but may also provide a better reading of the stories told in Tazkerat al-Awliyā for contemporary audiences. This situation indicates a commission that Attar was interested in writing the entire text of the Tazkerat al-Awliya. If this style of using faces in two parts of the book is equivalent and coherent, this is evidence that the entire Tazkerat al-Awliyā was written by one person, contrary to what some scholars believe. While Attar Neyshaburi enumerates a controversial issue, he gives many examples and arguments to persuade the reader to accept his speech and forget the main plot. The frequent use of mode, shifting from positive to negative or negative to positive, as a particular method of distraction or change of perspective, also serves to create more impact on the reader so that the audience or reader is subconsciously made to accept a speech or a non-everyday topic in order to urge or persuade

Introduction: This research analyzes and evaluates Modalization based on Halliday's systemic functional grammar (SFG) in the Azerbaijani Turkish language. In this SFG-based approach, mood and modality are examined within the mood structure which consists of two parts: (i) mood with elements of subject and finite and (ii) residue. In short, modality in this system refers to the space between two polarities, namely 'yes' and 'no'. In Modalization, the commodity being exchanged is information and the utterance is considered as a proposition in which the speaker's attitude to the event is in the form of degrees of probability or possibility of occurrence or degrees of usuality,this means the possibility of recurrence. Despite the lack of attention to modality and its integration into the concept of mood in the Turkish grammar, the concept of modality in this system has been significantly distinguished from the category of mood. This research is an attempt to address the issues about (i) the presentation of Modalization, (ii) the role of adjuncts in distinguishing between degrees of certainty and usuality and (iii) the presentation of past and present tense in mood finites in the Turkish language. Methods & Materials: First of all, to investigate Modalization in the Azerbaijani Turkish language, the elements and constituents that make up mood structure and Modalization in terms of possibility of occurrence, frequency, degrees, levels and elements involved in their formation were examined. In so doing, Azerbaijani Turkish clauses and their English and Persian equivalents were used. The theoretical framework of the current analysis was based on the mood structure in SFG) and the corpus was taken from the clauses in the literary and fictional sources in the Turkish language. The concept of modality has not been mentioned at all in the sources of the Azerbaijani Turkish grammar, and no study was found in the literature to address this issue based on SFG. Aijmer (2016), Nuyts (2001), Eggins (2004), and Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) have widely examined modality based on SFG. Considering the integration of the concept of mood and modality in Turkish grammar, the aim of this research was to study the Azerbaijani Turkish language based on an approach that can make a clear distinction between these two categories. Discussion: The findings show that the mood structure in the Turkish language is also made up of two parts: mood and residue. The mood itself is composed of two components: the subject and the finite, and the residue includes the three functional elements of predicator, complement and adjunct. Results also show that predicators are an integral part of the mood structure and determine the presence, absence and number of complements in this constituent, while the presence of adjuncts in this structure is not mandatory and they can be removed from the clause. Concerning Modalization, the study of the syntactic behavior of the elements and the morphemes involved in the clauses indicates that Azerbaijani Turkish expresses modality with "high" and "medium" degrees of certainty by means of the finite-mali. Also, unlike the English language that uses different finites, i. e., may and could, Azerbaijani Turkish uses the morpheme-abil which does not represent the semantic differences in its English equivalents. Examining the clauses of Modalization in terms of probability and only with the presence of mood adjuncts showed that the ambiguity in Azerbaijani Turkish in terms of making a distinction in the degree of probability of occurrence is removed due to the presence of mood adjuncts. Furthermore, examining the Modalization in terms of usuality with the presence of adjuncts of frequency in Azerbaijani Turkish showed that there is no ambiguity in the levels of usuality. A third state related to Modalization in terms of probability with high and low degrees of certainty was also found. It was evident that the mood finites and the mood adjuncts were employed simultaneously. Despite the fact that the mood finites are the same in Azerbaijani Turkish, the ambiguity in the distinction between high and medium levels has been removed due to the presence of mood adjuncts,different mood adjuncts have raised the scale of certainty. Finally, the examination of modal verbs showed that in Azerbaijani Turkish-unlike English-the concept of tense does not appear in an integrated form with lexical verbs, but it emerges as a dependent morpheme. These morphemes are-di in the past tense and zero in the present tense. Surprisingly enough, in the current grammar sources of Azerbaijani Turkish, the morpheme-ir is mistakenly introduced as the morpheme of the present tense. Conclusion: Overall, it is concluded that Modalization in terms of probability in the Azerbaijani Turkish language is represented in three levels and states: (i) only with the presence of mood finites, (ii) only with the presence of mood adjuncts, and (iii) with the simultaneous presence of mood finites and mood adjuncts. The only difference is that the distinction between high and medium levels and also the semantic distinction between could and may at the low level is not possible in Azerbaijani Turkish. Modalization in terms of usuality is manifested only with the presence of mood adjuncts, and no ambiguity in different levels is observed. Not only the presence of mood adjuncts in Modalization removes the ambiguity in the distinction between levels, but also their presence along with the mood finites can raise the degree of certainty of Modalization in terms of probability. The combination of the morphemes of modality and tense generates mood finites in Azerbaijani Turkish. The morpheme-di indicates the past tense and its absence indicates the present tense, i. e., zero morpheme. Although the morpheme-ir is often reported to indicate the present tense in the Azerbaijani Turkish grammar sources, the SFG-based approach to Azerbaijani Turkish shows the process of the occurrence of verbs.

In this study, the progression and importance of health knowledge is explored, projecting its future path. We do this by comparing the stages of evolution of the human cognitive system from birth to old age (inner intellect) with the stages of intellectual Modalization in divine messengers (external intellect), as depicted in the stories of the prophets in the Holy Quran. This comparison aims to articulate the course of evolution, which includes sensory perception, apprehension, imaginalization, intellection, and intuition. Future medicine will consider the influence of spiritual factors (soul) in the form of human cognition and intention, as well as material effects (genes and biology). The seven medical domains of the future will encompass the field of ‘sprito-epigenetico psycho-neuro-endocrino-immuno-pharmacology’. This perspective emphasizes the need for a transcendent outlook in health and medicine. This study employed a library research method, including studies in medical journals from the last forty years.

In researches carried out on Persian grammar, the category of "exponence" has not been so much a matter of concern, as are the categories of "tense" and "aspect". The grammatical capacities used for dealing with these three categories, are named "Modals", which, by definition are formed through the process of Modalization of lexical verbs. Modalization is among the general processes of grammaticalization whose grammatical capacities actualize as functional words, clitics, and inflectional affixes. Of all these, functional words and clitics take the position of modals. This article studies the modals which designate the concept of exponence. The examined categories are among the complete, incomplete, approximate and initial exponences. The examples presented indicate two significant points: first, modal verbs might have various grammatical functions; second, two or more modal verbs might have the same grammatical function.

The current research aims to investigate mood and modality in Sorani Kurdish within the Systemic Functional approach (Halliday and Matthiessen 2014). Specifically, the present study is an attempt to explore the nature of mood markers and the formalization of modality in Sorani Kurdish. The primary data has been collected using the Plank Questionnaire, administered to 442 participants. To explore mood-marking, the mood constituent in Kurdish clauses will be delineated, with the subject, finite, and mood adjuncts identified as the three main components of the mood constituent. Then, system of modality in Kurdish, Modalization, and modulation will be discussed. Data analysis suggests that finite in Kurdish does not stand on its own and needs to be conflated with the predicate. The main grammatical categories used in Kurdish to represent Modalization and modulation are modal verbs and pseudo-grammaticalized modal clauses. Statistical data also shows that mood adjuncts are only sporadically used in Kurdish to describe modality. Moreover, the morphological subjunctive mood will be analyzed as operative over verbal categories and hence not part of the mood constituent.

Introduction: Chronic renal failure is an unreversible and progressive kidney disease in the world as well as in Iran. Hemodialysis, which is the most common protective treatment in these patients, will have a significant impact on the patient's life, recognizing their feelings and expectations will play an important role in guiding the medical staff will have more effective care and support and eliminate the limitations of these patients. For this reason, this study aimed to understand and understand the concept of quality of life in hemodialysis patients. The purpose of this study was to understand the quality of life in patients with hemodialysis. Methods: In this study, one of the qualitative research methods was used as a descriptive phenomenological phenomenon. The data collection method was semi-organized interview with 10 Modalization modalities from Shariati Hospital and Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran. Interviews focused on the question of what constitutes the quality of life of hemodialysis patients. Results: The main concepts extracted from the experiences of the participants in the study were dialysis: an important part of life, dialysis life tensions, protectionism and adaptability. Conclusions: The important aspect of the life of these patients was the acceptance of life with all its limitations. The experience of living in the fence was alive with dialysis, which widened the umbrella affecting all aspects of the patient's life. Adoption of this kind of life was in the shadow of spirituality and proximity to God and the support of health care providers. These findings provide a new vision for health caregivers to better understand the problems of these patients.

Among factors that might manipulate translators’ mind while producing a text is the notion of ideology transmission through text or talk. Adopting Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) with particular emphasis on the framework of Van Dijk (1999), the present investigation is an attempt to shed light on the relationship between language and ideology involved in translation in general, and more specifically, to uncover the underlying ideological assumptions invisible in the texts, both source text (ST) and target text (TT), and consequently ascertain whether or not translators’ ideologies are imposed in their translations.The corpus consists of the full text of two different Persian translations of the book Media Control by Noam Chomsky, written in English. In a qualitative phase, a detailed contrastive/comparative study at the micro-level in terms of fore/back-grounding mechanisms including explanation of lexical items and dominant grammatical metaphors (passive vs. active, nominalization vs. denominalization, addition vs. omission, and Modalization) was conducted to examine, describe and subsequently interpret the patterns in the English source text and its Persian translated versions. In order to make the research data interpretations as objective as possible, having computed frequencies of ideologically significant instances, and percentages, Chi-square formula was applied to find out any difference between proportions of information extracted from the target text concerning their fore/back-grounding and their positions against the source text as well as to test the research null hypothesis, which was consequently rejected.The findings reveal that there are significant changes made by the two translators, either intentionally or unintentionally, in their selection of lexical items and syntactic structures in comparison to those in the source text. The findings of the study also show that many distortions or transformations between the original and the two translated versions were not only arbitrary, but also ideologically encoded in the texts, with specific purposes and functions.

In a transmodern world, the current research finds commonalities between the Semiotics of Discourse (Paris School) which is intertwined with other fields such as linguistics, and coaching. The main problem and hypothesis of the present research is to argue that the Semiotics of Discourse (Paris School) can provide ʻ part ofʼ a comprehensive theoretical framework for conceptualizing coaching and its development as an academic discipline and subdiscipline. Therefore, adopting a descriptive-analytic method based on Fontanille's ideas (Fontanille, 2003, as translated by Bostic, 2006) in analyzing and solving a case study of one of her clients in coaching, and introducing the term ʻ Khodnavardiʼ being established and registered in Iran by her, the author examines this problem and hypothesis. In order to make linguistics (its types and subdisciplines), semiotics (its types, and other fields intertwined with it), and other possible, probable fields, institutions, practitioners, skills, and sciences more practical, the current and future objective of this inquiry is to elementarily introduce the process of coaching discourse as an object and corpus of transdisciplinary studies. This trajectory will finally provide the context for the localization of the academic discipline, subdiscipline, and new profession of coaching, and subsequently coaching education and studies, and coaching training: a kind of localization, entrepreneurship and job creation. Pointing out the similarities between the Semiotics of Discourse (Paris School) and coaching, and presenting a model based on “ Khodnavardi” , the main achievement of this inquiry is suggesting the basics of ʻ Semiotic Coachingʼ at an academic level in Iran. In addition, ʻ Semiotic Coachingʼ can lead to interactions or commonalities with other fields, institutions, practitioners, skills, and sciences including pragmatism, educational linguistics, edusemiotics, change, transformation, cognitive sciences, philosophy, sociology, psychology, teaching, communication, management, human and organizational resource development, leadership, literature, cinema and theater, etc., and on the other hand, with different types of coaching like linguistic, semantic, ontological, integral, existential, narrative, cognitive, clean language, core energy, neuro-linguistic, academic, developmental, emotional intelligence, and other topics which will not be addressed for the sake of brevity.