In order to investigate the effect of using wild species as a rootstock in grafting plants on salinity tolerance in tomato, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design were conducted. The first factor was grafting including Money maker non-grafted (M), Money maker self-grafted (M+M), Money maker grafted on S. pimpinellifolium LA0722 (M+P1) and Money maker grafted on S. pimpinellifolium LA 2184 and the second factor was three concentration of NaCl including the 0, 40 and 80 mM along with Hogland nutrient solution that were applied to tomato in the hydroponics greenhouse, Department of Horticulture, University of Tabriz. The results showed that the increasing salinity had a negative effect on leaf area and yield, and total fruit number in tomato cv. Money maker, the use of S. pimpinellifolium as rootstock showed the best performance under different salinity conditions. Also, in the highest salinity concentration, the lowest sodium content was observed in the plants grafted on S. pimpinellifolium LA0722. The results indicate that, use of pimpinellifolium as rootstock in 80mM NaCl level had 69% higher fruit yields than the non and self-grafted Money maker plants.

Background and Aim: All the problems of a conventional economy are rooted in something real (not real) called inflation. So that even the problems of stagflation, poverty, class divide and unemployment go back to inflation. As a result, it seems that this fact is born of a false credit. As long as this is wrong in the economy, these problems exist. Of course, this seems to be the definition of Money in the economy. Materials and Methods: The hard core of Islamic economics is Money. In this research, the jurisprudence of Money in Islamic economics is analyzed. To explain this in detail, it is necessary to analyze the following: 1. The role of credit in the economy: Money is a concept of credit (such as meters and kilograms that are credit but have a real origin). The result is not Money, goods, capital, wealth of the individual and society. Its ownership is public. Which is necessary and obligatory to circulate in the economy in the form of good loans. 2. Analyzing the concept of tax and ownership in Islamic economics 3. The position and role of Money in economics (explanation of 4 theories) It seems that in Islamic jurisprudence, Money is property (only and only consumer value). But it has no tax (exchange value). But also has ownership. It has credit ownership. In order to maintain the principle of ownership in society, it is necessary to consider Money as credit ownership. The principle of ownership is violated when Money is considered otherwise. Ethical considerations: In all stages of writing the present study, while respecting the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed. Findings: Money is a tool for measuring value. But the means of exchange is not Money (in conventional economics, Money is considered the medium of exchange). The means of exchange is consciousness. This is the key to the jurisprudence of Money in Islamic economics. In other words, what creates the exchange is not Money. It is consciousness. In other words, what transmits value is the awareness of economic agents. Awareness of economic agents that they are exchanging the same values. In other words, a condition is necessary for the formation of Money exchange. But the condition is not enough. A sufficient condition is the exchange of consciousness. If consciousness is removed, exchange will not take place. That is, with Money alone, exchange does not take place. It is in spite of economic awareness that exchange takes shape. Awareness is the missing link in economics. In other words, in economics, the role of the observer has been ignored. Observers who exchange views with each other. Conclusion: Exchange is not formed without awareness. Exchange is not formed by removing consciousness. This is a very accurate point. The instrument that plays the role of measuring value must be different from the instrument that plays the role of transmitting value. It is a means of measuring the value of Money. But it is a means of transmitting the value of consciousness. With this kind of look at Money in economics, Money can never be made.

Two theories have prevailed in the economic literature about the origins of Money. According to the commodity theory of Money, Money has spontaneously emerged from the barter economy. In credit theory of Money, since Money is defined as an abstract unit of measurement, the origin of Money coincides with the origin of writing. Credit Money theory shows that the first standardized Money of account emerged from ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Greece due to the need for accounting records of payments and receipts of the central institution (government-temple). Once the general unit of account is established, credits and liabilities can be called in monetary units, thus we can reach the historical origins of Money. This paper uses analytical-descriptive and documentary research methods to explain the incorrect reasons of the commodity theory of Money. Eventually, the origin of Money is expressed from the point of view of the credit theory of Money.JEL Classification: E40, B52, N00, N10, N20

Among moral corruptions and major social disasters is bribery, which causes wickedness, injustice, violating other peoples rights, and an atmosphere of distrust in the society. Bribery can appear in the form of paying Money, doing something, or saying something. The prevailing opinion of jurists is that bribery is actualized through paying Money. But the question is that whether acts and words can play the same role. Some jurists have generalized the concepts of bribery and some have not, while the majority of them have said nothing in this regard. What is investigated and analyzed in this essay is generalization or otherwise of the bribery, opinions of supporting and denying jurists in this regard, and ultimately expression of the chosen theory as follows: Bribery without Money is religiously forbidden, whether words or acts, but those two differ in civil and penal liability or otherwise.

The Money laundering concepts, methods, quantitative and qualitative aspects, as well as educational approach to anti-laundering is subject of this article. Activities and efforts, all national and international, involved organizations, conferences, conventions, methods, recommendations, solutions, etc, are studied as different aspects of the problem. Many and most of the recent books available in some American universities and most Internet sites are studied and searched to find out shadows of some activities of Money launderers, as well as the Internet laundries, cyber laundries, credit card laundries and the smart card laundries.