Background: One of the efforts that solve complex real-world problems is to use an interdisciplinary approach. However, the contradictions among different disciplines and the absence of a theoretical model add to the difficulty of interdisciplinary activities. When interdisciplinary researchers face a complex problem, they need to integrate several different disciplines. It seems the first step in interdisciplinary activities is to have a theoretical model to understand and examine by what content and method the processes of integrating and crossing the disciplinary boundaries are done. The purpose of this study is to propose a new theoretical model for interdisciplinary development. It also show that a multilayered model can be formed based on the boundaries of scientific disciplines. Methods: In this study, the critical review strategy of Carnwell and Daly has been used to synthesize the theoretical model using online databases. The method consists of 5 stages: defining the scope of the review, identifying the sources of relevant information, reviewing the literature, writing the review, and applying the literature to the proposed study. Results: The results of this study showed for interdisciplinarity, the artificial boundaries of disciplines must be broken. Therefore, we first began to explain the disciplinary boundaries in 13 levels, then, we proposed interdisciplinary development by examining the views of the experts in this field and with the synthesis opinion of researchers of this study on each of the disciplinary boundaries of the multilayered model. Conclusion: This model can effectively support interdisciplinary programs and can bring the goals of interdisciplinary programs closer to practical reality.

Analysis of complex one-dimensional photonic systems is a challenge to the scientific community. To solve such a problem in the past computational techniques have been deployed. Transfer matrix or so-called characteristics matrix is one of the widely used methods acceptable for multilayered systems. The convectional transfer matrix method has some drawbacks to solving an annular type multilayered system. This paper presents the transfer matrix method to investigate the electromagnetic wave propagation in the annular multilayered photonic structures.

Graphene nanostructures were synthesized by Hummer method.1, 3, 5 and 7 wt% of graphene nanostructures were suspended in certain amount of acetone on a mechanical stirrer and stirred then added to epoxy resin. After 4 hours, solution and Graphene platelets (GPs) were prepared. Nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The electromagnetic interference shielding was studied by reflection loss (RL). According to the results, the multilayered graphene 3% wt of has a completely smooth surface and its absorption average and maximum are reported as -13.5 dB and -30.3 dB.

In this study, an image retrieval system is proposed based on complex network model. Assuming a prior image categorization, firstly, a multilayered complex network is constructed between the images of each category according to the color, texture, and shape features. Secondly, by defining a meta-path as the way of connecting two images in the network, a set of informative meta-paths are composed to find the similar images by exploring the network. The established complex network provides an efficient way to benefit from the image correlations to enhance the similarity search of the images. On the other hand, employing diverse meta-paths with different semantics leads to measuring the image similarities based on effective image features for each category. The primary results indicate the efficiency and validity of the proposed approach.

Background and the purpose of the study: Layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of polyelectrolytes (PEs) has received a great attention in the area of drug delivery due to its simplicity and versatility. This research was aimed to develop multilayered microcapsules through LbL deposition of chitosan (CHI) and sodium alginate (NaALG) and utilize them as vehicle for controlled delivery of isoniazid (INH).Methods: CaCO3 particles, prepared by colloidal crystallization of CaCl2 and Na2CO3 solutions, were used as micro-templates for LbL deposition of CHI and NaALG. Subsequent to the deposition, templates were decomposed to obtain hollow microcapsules. Prepared microcapsules were subjected to physicochemical evaluations, drug release and stability studies.Results and major conclusion: Though CaCO3 particles possessed a rough and irregular surface, prepared hollow microcapsules were spherical in shape, having smooth surface and regular thickness. Following deposition of each layer, alternating values of zeta potential were observed, indicating the formation of multilayered films. Microcapsules with 5 bilayers, i.e. (CHI/NaALG)5 provided 39% entrapment efficiency and exhibited a controlled release behavior, lasting up to 24 hrs. An improvement in drug release rate and stability profile of the formulation was observed by increasing the number of deposition steps and performing the crosslinking of polyelectrolytes. This study showed that the prepared formulation could promisingly be utilized as controlled delivery vehicle for INH.

A theory is presented for the dispersion relations of the nonlinear phononpolaritons arising when phonons are coupled to the electromagnetic waves in multilayered structures of nonlinear materials. The calculations are applied to a multilayered structure consisting of a thin film surrounded by semi-infinite bounding media where each layer may have a frequency dependent dielectric function and Kerr-type nonlinearity. At least one of the media is an ionic crystal supporting optical phonon modes. The resulting analytic and numerical solutions for the dispersion relations of phonon-polaritons with s-polarization are considered for several cases. We find that the presence of nonlinearities leads to multiple branches in the dispersion relation. The results are plotted as frequency versus wave vector and frequency versus nonlinearity for different phononpolariton modes. The parameters that modify the modes correspond to the inplane wave vector, the thickness of the film, the phonon frequencies and the nonlinearity of each layer.