One of the most important issues that have absorbed the public opinion and expert community during the recent years, is the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the housing. There are several challenges related to this topic that includes the contexts of the construction, manufacturing, planning to social aspects, cultural, physical and architectural design. The thing that has a significant importance in this topic, is the relationship between architects and the people. The role of their perception and mental images in making the decision is related to the architectural design of the housing. To Investigate the similarities and differences between what the viewpoints of architects and the people, is the main object of the research, that dedicatedly has been done on the facades by using Multidimensional scaling analysis ((MDS)).The research implementation method is based on qualitative analysis of data from visual preferences from the viewpoint of architects and the people. The Statistical population includes 420 of people with a random sampling in the three areas in the central texture of Tehran and with 130 people of the architects that have been academic education and as well as work`s professional experience more than five years.The results indicated that subjective and visual perceptions of people and architects have considerable correspondence and distinctions with each other, which is recognizable.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cattle farming is an important pillar of dry climate agriculture. Cattle farming has even become the main engine of the community's economy. Currently, there are significant obstacles in the implementation of ecological, economic, technological, and infrastructural dimensions, alongside legal and institutional frameworks, that are essential for promoting sustainable livestock farming practices. Specific studies on different dimensional attributes affecting the sustainability of beef cattle are required. The objective of this study is to investigate different factors within four dimensions that affect the sustainability of cattle farming practices in dry climatic conditions.METHODS: This study was conducted using an interview approach to respondents using a questionnaire or list of questions. The questionnaire contains questions on 37 dimensional attributes, including ten environmental, ten economic, ten technological and infrastructure attributes, and seven legal and institutional attributes. A range of responses was collected from individuals engaged in livestock management in the dry climatic conditions of Timor Tengah Utara Regency. The data that has been collected is analyzed employing Multidimensional scaling and expedited appraisal software. To evaluate sustainability and leverage attributes, Monte Carlo analysis and the alternating least squares algorithm are applied.FINDINGS: The study's outcomes revealed that the sustainability index pertaining to beef cattle farming in dry climates recorded an average score of 53.09 percent. This finding is based on the economic dimension of 45.58 percent, the environmental dimension of 54.18 percent, the technology and infrastructure dimension of 35.15 percent, and the legal and institutional dimension of 77.46 percent. The sustainability index, reflecting the technology and infrastructure aspects, ranks the lowest, primarily because the technological advancements necessary for achieving sustainable livestock farming are still underdeveloped. The availability of livestock waste processing technology is still relatively low and has not been processed optimally. This situation has an impact on the environment.CONCLUSION: The sustainability index of dry climate beef cattle farming is greatly influenced by the attributes of technology and infrastructure dimensions. The enhancement of sustainability in the future necessitates careful consideration of specific factors, including the accessibility of waste and product processing technologies, advancements in information technology, and the development of road infrastructure. Attributes in the legal and institutional dimensions are the main factors supporting beef cattle's sustainability. Optimizing extension services by increasing the number of livestock extension workers is crucial in accelerating the dissemination of eco-friendly livestock technoloBeef Cattle; Dry climate; Environmentally friendly; Multidimensional scaling ((MDS)); Sustainability assessmenty and innovation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Palm oil mill effluent is a liquid waste product of palm oil milling that contains abundant organic pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus that are potentially harmful to the environment. However, palm oil mill effluent can be used as a nutrient for the growth of microalgae with utility in pollutant removal and algae biorefinery production of biofuel and functional foods. The aim of the present study was to analyze the sustainability of microalgae biomass production by calculating a sustainability index. METHODS: Questionnaires were used to evaluate the scientific judgment of expert researchers in the field of microalgae research. Data were processed and analyzed using Multidimensional scaling comprising social, economic, ecological, and technological dimensions with a total of 47 attributes in Rapfish software. FINDINGS: The sustainability index of microalgae biomass production was calculated as 73. 53%, which indicates the process has the potential for sustainable development with consideration of the leverage factors identified in each dimension. Analysis of the four dimensions demonstrated that the environment dimension had the lowest leverage at 67. 30%, while the economy, technology, and social dimensions had leverage values of 70. 99%, 73. 67%, and 82. 17%, respectively. These findings indicate that management experience and skills (environment and technological dimensions), involvement of family members (social dimension), and productivity level (economic dimension) warrant further attention in order to improve the sustainability of microalgae biomass production. CONCLUSION: The prospective analysis in the present study identified production, productivity, land conversion, consumption per capita, and population as key or dominant factors influencing the microalgae supply system. Further research is required to fully utilize microalgae biomass as a value-added product in optimal, technically, economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable systems. The results of the present study provide insights into the feasibility of sustainable microalgae biomass production in Indonesia that may inform governmental policies and programs.