"Killing men, shooting them, slaughtering children, raping women, burning and looting houses" these are only some human rights crimes that occur against Muslims in Myanmar but up to now, none of the international community has made a substantial contribution. In 2001, International Law Commission realized that the UN charter did not have much success in overcoming human rights violations, so a new concept for human law intervention called Responsibility to Protect (R2P) was invented. The central subject was "the idea that sovereign states have a responsibility to protect their own citizens from avoidable catastrophe-from mass murder and rape, from starvation-but, when they are unwilling or unable to do so, that responsibility must be borne by the broader community of states". Therefore, in its simplest and most widely accepted formulation, Responsibility to Protect (R2P) represents the responsibility of governments and the international community to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. According to a senior U. N. official, "Burmese authorities are carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against the Muslim minority in Myanmar" which is one of the subjects covered by R2P. The purpose of writing the article is explaining the rules in International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, R2P, answering the question of how the international community can intervene in reducing the disaster occurring in Myanmar, and using Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in overcoming the tragedy of the killing of Muslims in Myanmar.

Nuclear Medicine was established in Myanmar in 1963 by Dr Soe Myint and International Atomic Energy expert Dr R. Hochel at Yangon General Hospital. Nuclear medicine diagnostic and therapeutic services started with Probe Scintillation Detector Systems and rectilinear scanner. In the early stage, many Nuclear Medicine specialists from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) spent some time in Myanmar and made significant contributions to the development of Nuclear Medicine in our country. The department participated in various IAEA technical cooperation projects and regional cooperation projects. By the late 1990s, new centers were established in Mandalay, Naypyidaw, and North Okkalapa Teaching Hospital of University of Medicine 11, Yangon. The training program related to Nuclear Medicine includes a postgraduate master’s degree (three years) at the University of Medicine. Currently, all centers are equipped with SPECT, SPECT-CT, PET-CT, and cyclotron in Yangon General Hospital.Up until now, the International Atomic Energy Agency has been playing a crucial role in the growth and development of Nuclear Medicine in Myanmar. Our vision is to provide a wide spectrum of nuclear medicine services at a level compatible with the international standards to become a Center of Excellence.

Dear Editor-in-chief, The Republic of the Union of Myanmar – formerly known as Burma – is a small nation located in South East of Asia, on the border of Thailand, Laos, China and Bangladesh (Figure. 1). According to a 2014 census, the country has a population of over 51 million people. The country is officially a Buddhist state, but with 135 recognized ethnic minorities, it boasts a big religious diversity as well. Based on the 2014 census, over two million of Myanmar’ s residents identified as Muslims. Myanmar has a total area of 262, 000 square miles (678, 500 km2), and consists of 14 stets and regions (1-3). Many of Burma’ s indigenous Muslims live in Rakhine State, on the Western coast next to the border with Bangladesh. Rohingya are however considered to be stateless, because the Myanmar Government officially considers the ethnic minority to be illegal Bangladeshi immigrants. The persecution has forced nearly one million Rohingya to flee into Bangladesh since 1977, with many more seeking refuge in other countries. Other Muslim countries have opened their doors to the refugees, with some choosing to flee to India, Pakistan, Malaysia and Indonesia. The Rohingya face discrimination and barriers to health care (4, 5). According to a 2016 study published in the medical journal "The Lancet", Rohingya children in Myanmar face low birth weight, malnutrition, diarrhea, and barriers to reproduction on reaching adulthood (4). Rohingya have a child mortality rate of up to 224 deaths per 1000 live births, more than 4 times the rate for the rest of Myanmar (52 per 1000 live births), and 3 times rate of rest non-Rohingya areas of Rakhine state (77 per 1000 live births) (4, 5). The paper also found that 40% of Rohingya children suffer from diarrhea in internally displaced persons camp within Myanmar at a rate five times that of diarrheal illness among children in the rest of Rakhine (4).

Background: Thalassemia constitutes a major public health problem causing a significant burden on children and their families. Zinc deficiency plays an important role in many thalassemia-related complications like growth retardation, hypogonadism and delayed puberty which are frequently noted in adolescent age. Although zinc is supplemented to thalassemic patients visiting Day Care Center, Yangon Children Hospital (YCH), Myanmar, a report concerning serum zinc level of these patients is still lacking. This study, therefore, aimed to assess serum zinc status in thalassemic adolescents attending Day Care Center, YCH. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 99 thalassemic adolescents. Mean age of diagnosis was 5. 1± 2. 1 years. Non-fasting serum zinc concentration was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. According to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, zinc deficiency was defined as serum zinc concentration < 66 μ g/dL (female) and < 70 μ g/dL (male). Results: Serum zinc concentration (μ g/dL) was 57. 35 (47. 30-80. 14) (median, interquartile range) with maximum, 195. 05 and minimum, 28. 83. Zinc deficiency was observed in 69. 7% (69 out of 99; 35 males and 34 females) of the patients. The associations of zinc deficiency with gender, phenotype and the use of chelator were nonsignificant (P>0. 05). Conclusion: In spite of zinc supplementation, nearly 70% of the thalassemic adolescents showed zinc deficiency. Zinc deficiency in these adolescents might not be related to gender, phenotypes or the use of chelator. Poor compliance to take zinc supplementation and/or irregular blood transfusion could partly be attributable to zinc deficiency in these adolescents. Providing health education on the importance of regular intake of adequate zinc is advisable and periodic evaluation of zinc levels is recommended for thalassemic adolescents.