In order to determine of physical characteristics of rice straw as an effective source of fiber in ruminants, alfalfa hay, four varieties of rice straw (Taroum Neda, Taroum Neamat, Taroum Sangi, and Asgari), and four rations that contained four varieties of rice straws were investigated. The chemical (dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC) and crude protein (CP)), and physical characteristics (bulk density, water holding capacity (WHC), and soluble and insoluble DM and ash of samples, kinetics of hydration and change in functional specific gravity (FSG) and feed particle size, physically effective factor (pef)) of forages and total mixed ration (TMR) were determined. Except on ether extract and ash content, the DM, OM, NDF, NFC, and CP content of four rice straw and rations were similar but there was different among alfalfa and rice straws. The rice straws had a bulk density lesser than alfalfa. However, TMR had a similar bulk density, WHC, hydration rate, insoluble DM and ash and greater than alfalfa hay. Alfalfa had lesser WHC than rice straws and there were not different in straws. The soluble DM and FSG of rice straws were similar and lesser than those of alfalfa hay. The TMR had similar physical characteristics. Alfalfa hay had greater FSG than rice straw at all incubation times. Four rice straws and four rations were similar in in degradable NDF (iNDF) and total tract NDF digestibility (TTNDFD). Results showed that regardless the system, rice straws were similar in physically effectiveness and physically more effective than alfalfa because of having greater NDF and iNDF content, geometric mean and pef than al-falfa.

Purpose: Due to the lack of comprehensive and standard pharmaceutical terminology, the exchange and processing of drug information effectively, seamlessly and unambiguously, has many problems with pharmacies and hospitals. The purpose of this study was to investigate two major and available terminologies, RxNorm and NDF-RT, their relationship and the use of these terminologies in health information systems. Methods: The present study was carried out by narrative review and were studied the documentation related to two selective drug terminology, RxNorm and NDF-RT, from online Datebases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and the official site of the NLM and it was done by combining keywords related to the topic and by the end of November 2017. Results: The results of this study showed that the above-mentioned terminology can be used in the electronic health system, decision support systems, hospital information system with the aim of improving the quality of care, facilitate exchangeability and preventing medical errors. Relationship between these terminologies will also increase the effectiveness and quality of the decisions. Conclusions: The use of these terminologies, especially the relationship between them, will increase the effectiveness and quality of decisions, but for more effective communication between these two terminologies, more research and Addressing some communication challenges are needed.

this paper is to convince the usage of the nonlinear unit root tests when dealing with a nonlinear model. To do so, the stationary test for variables in a model titles “ Fiscal Reaction Function in Iran” has been applied according to both the ordinary and the Nonlinear Dickey-Fuller (NDF) tests. Results show that while variables under investigation are stationary in a nonlinear form, augmented Dickey-Fuller test indicates tendency to fail and reject the null hypothesis of a unit root in the presence of nonlinear dynamics. Therefore based on the results of Nonlinear Dickey-Fuller (NDF), the paper estimates the fiscal reaction function (FRF) in Iran. The estimated nonlinear regression supports a threshold behavior of two regimes in applying the fiscal reaction. Finally, findings confirm that fiscal policy in Iran is countercyclical though not sensitive in order to react to accumulation of the government debt.

One of the most important goals of Iran's 5th Economic Development Plan is to change the existing approach to oil and gas resources and revenues. The main aspect of this appraoch is the “National Development Fund” (NDF) which has been mentioned in Iran’s 20-Year Perspective Plan as defined by the Expediency Council. The current paper, studies challenges facing the Fund in three major areas: independence from the government, transparency and investment goals. The results show that the NDF can be only successful under specific conditions; otherwise it will cause a lot of problems for the financial sector of the Iranian economy. Therefore, certain decisions should be made by policymakers to reach that situation. Firstly, the man goals of the NDF and its regulations must be clearly specified. Secondly, government’s access to the Fund should be limited by making withdrawal from the NDF conditional on the parliament’s permission. Thirdly, data on the inflow and outflow of the NDF should be made public for better supervision over the Fund’s performance. Moreover, we suggest that part of the NDF’s resources should be allocated to compensating the effects of the declining oil production.

The objective of this study was to determine the digestion and gas production potential of sodium hydroxide treated cottonseed hulls using in situ and in vitro procedures. Cottonseed hulls were treated using 2 and 4 percent solutions of sodium hydroxide and then kept for 0.5 and 48 h. For in situ procedure, 5 g of each sample was weighed into a polyester bag and incubated in the rumen of three ruminally fistulated sheep. After each time of incubation, bags were removed and rinsed with cold tap water. The residual of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber was determined. For the gas production technique (in vitro), approximately 0.3 g of each sample was placed in a 100 ml glass syringes then incubated into 40 ml of buffered rumen fluid (ratio of buffer to rumen fluid was 2: 1). The amount of produced gas in each time of incubation in each syringe was accounted for determination of gas production parameters. Results of the in situ technique revealed that alkali treating of cottonseed hulls by a 4 percent solution for 0.5 and 48 h and a 2 percent solution for 48 h caused to a significant increase of the quickly degradable fraction (a) of dry matter (0.057, 0.090 and 0.080, respectively) and neutral detergent fiber (0.076, 0.105 and 0.056, respectively). Alkali treating of cottonseed hulls by a 2 percent solution for 0.5 and 48 h significantly (P<0.05) increased the slowly degradable fraction (b) and fractional constant rate (c) of neutral detergent fiber (0.673 and 0.887, respectively). Gas production parameters of cottonseed hulls did not alter when treated with different sodium hydroxide solutions.

This study was conducted to evaluate the starchy feed effect (the wheat flour and the wheat starches grade1 and 2) on alfalfa hay digestibility using in vivo and in vitro methods. The in vivo experiment was achieved with 4 ruminally fistulated Makui sheep (BW, 43.20±1.2 kg) in a completely randomized design with a change over arrangement and the in vitro Telly and Terry experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. In either experiment the DM and OM digestibility for mixed (starchy) rations was significantly higher than those of basal (alfalfa hay) ration, but the NDF digestibility of basal ration was higher than that of mixed ration. The rumen pH for alfalfa was the highest, and the lowest pH was obtained with the starch grade1 containing diet. The highest and the lowest correlation of regression equations were related to in vivo DM digestibility and the experimental mixed rations NDF digestibility, respectively. Results of this study showed that the starch grade 1 containing diet had a highest negative effect on the alfalfa hay fibre digestibility. Moreover, the regression equations may encompass better prediction of DM digestibility of mixed rations than that of the fibre digestibility.

Recently use of Acidifier (group of organic acids) increased in aquaculture. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of acidifier (sodium diformate and citric acide) on growth performance, nutrition indices, immune and hematological parameters of the juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss. A total of 630 juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss (16. 55± 0. 72) randomly divided into seven experimental treatments (Three replicates each). All groups fed with experimental diet for 60 days. Bioassay conducted in first day and after sixty days and then growth parameters were investigated. Eexperimental diets were contain 0. 2, 0. 4 and 0. 6% sodium diformate (NDF) and 0. 2, 0. 4 and 0. 6%, combination of NDF and citric acid with equal ratio. Diet control was without acidifier. Results showed that almost all growth and hematological parameters were increased in fed groups with 0. 2% supplemented food with NDF and citric acid compare to the control group. The best FCR showed in the groups fed with 0. 2% (P<0. 05). Although haematological parameters of fish in groups fed by 0. 2, 0. 4 and 0. 6%, NDF and citric acid changed significantly after 60 days of feeding with experimental, no changed were observed in WBC value among the groups (P>0. 05). The results show that the immunological parameters including, total serum protein, immunoglobulin and bactericidal activity serum were affected significantly at Acidifier (p<0. 05) while Lysozyme activity serum and albumin was not affected (P>0. 05). The results of this study indicated that 0. 2%, NDF and citric acid in the diet could be a useful food supplement and can be used to improve the growth parameters and immunity system in juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss.

Artemisia aucheri is an indicator plant of semi-steppic rangelands in Iran, which covers most of this area. This species is important because of its coverage, forage production, soil conservation and medicinal value.In this study, the quantity of Crude Protein and NDF in forage of A. aucheri is measured in three phenologic stages in Vard- Avard, Karaj at three altitude levels (2000, 2200, 2400m). Then samples were analyzed in laboratory and statistical differences in content of CP and NDF was investigated. The results showed that the amount of CP declined from the early growth to the end of growth season and the difference between growth stages was significant. Also, the average of NDF content increased but there was no significant difference between vegetative and flowering stages. Hence, grazing is recommended at the flowering stage as the quantity and the quality of forage is desirable.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of CLA supplementation in diets with different levels of forage NDF on performance, serum metabolites and liver functionality in Holstein fresh cows. Forty Cows were blocked based on their body condition score at calving and 305-d mature-equivalent milk yield, and randomly allocated to 1 of 4 experimental diets from calving to 21 days in milk (DIM). Treatments were used in a 2×2 factorial arrangement with 2 levels of fNDF and 2 doses of CLA supplement; Treatments were formulated to contain 18.0 or 23.0% fNDF without or with CLA supplement for diets 18fNDF-CLA, 18fNDF+CLA, 23fNDF-CLA and 23fNDF+ CLA. There was no effect of fNDF by CLA interaction on investigated items. Dry matter intake increased up to 1.5 kg with 18fNDF diet compared to 23FNDF (P<0.01), while the addition of CLA reduced the dry matter intake to 1.15 kg/d compared to diets without CLA supplementation (P<0.01). Cows fed 23fNDF diet lost more body weight than those fed 18fNDF. Milk yield was higher for cows fed 18fNDF than 23fNDF (P<0.01). Cows fed diets containing CLA produced more milk, lower milk fat percentage, and higher lactose content. (P<0.05). Serum glucose was higher in cows fed CLA-containing diets (P<0.01). Cows fed 18fNDF had lower serum concentrations of NEFA and BHBA compared to those fed 23fNDF (P<0.05), but CLA supplementation did not affect serum NEFA and BHBA (P>0.05). (P<0.05). In general, the reduction of forage NDF in the diet of fresh cows led to improved feed intake and production performance. Addition of CLA to the diet of fresh cows led to glucose savings by reducing fat synthesis, increasing lactose content and milk production.