Due to its special natural and geographical conditions, the city of Tonekabon is susceptible to many shocks, including earthquakes and floods, which brings the need to pay attention to urban resilience. The present study was conducted to analyze the state of urban NEIGHBORHOODS from the perspective of urban resilience components. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical method. The research's statistical population was comprised of citizens living in Tonekabon city. Using Cochran's formula, the statistical sample size was estimated to be 384 people. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, the validity of which was verified in the form of face and face validity, as well as divergent validity and reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Analysis of data and information was done using SPSS and PLS software programs. The findings of this research showed that the overall resilience of Tonekabon city is in an unfavorable situation. In such a way, the average experimental value obtained for the overall resilience of the city and its dimensions was lower than the average value of 3. Among the localities of the studied area, Karim Abad neighborhood, in which the overall average obtained was equal to 2.78, was in a better condition than other localities, and Tonekabon neighborhood, according to the average (2.39), was in an unfavorable condition among the studied localities. Among the other research findings, among the components of urban resilience, the physical factor with a path coefficient of 0.490 has the most significant impact and was ranked first, followed by the economic factor with a path coefficient of 0.348. In third place is the administrative, institutional factor with a path coefficient of 0.327 and in fourth place is the social dimension with a path coefficient of 0.264.

ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three NEIGHBORHOODS of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new NEIGHBORHOODS, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development patterns in three NEIGHBORHOODS. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between NEIGHBORHOODS. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding factors affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find factors affecting travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which physical and non-physical characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three NEIGHBORHOODS of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new NEIGHBORHOODS, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which factors affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which factors affect travel behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three NEIGHBORHOODS. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three NEIGHBORHOODS in terms of factors affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between physical and non-physical factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the factors affecting travel behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between NEIGHBORHOODS (different physical development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in patterns of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the factors affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The main goal of this research is to evaluate the elements which affect the sense of place and to examine its differences in organic and planned contexts through case study in Sagharisazan neighborhood(as an organic neighborhood) and Guilan Blvd. as a planned one. Theoretical bases of this research are derived from ideas of phenomenologist architect Christian Norberg–Schulz, concerning place phenomenon and place sense. In Schulz’s point of view, place phenomenon is a holistic, qualitative and multi-dimensional concept, and also the concept of sense of place is something more than algebraic sum of its components, and structure of place as a bio-space is affected by boundary/ threshold, concentration/enclosure, insideness/ outsideness, identification and orientation. Methodology of this paper is descriptive, based on deductive reasoning, using synthetic strategy (qualitative-quantitative) with more focus on qualitative strategy. The proposition of the research is that the perception of sense of place in NEIGHBORHOODS with organic and traditional growth is stronger than NEIGHBORHOODS with planned growth. This proposition was analyzed and finally confirmed using profound interviews accompanied by open questions from 46 purposefully selected samples, triangulation method, the observations in diverse times and also comparing the findings of the two NEIGHBORHOODS. This has been done through studying, interpreting and analyzing by the researcher and evaluating the opinions of the people who use those NEIGHBORHOODS, and also by preparing some open questions and deep interview together with 22 pre-designed questions (the average time of interviews was 40 minutes). Finally, the interviewees’ opinions reached an agreement. In selecting the samples, all classes of people using the environment were attended. Samples for Sagharisazan neighborhood includes 24 persons and in Guilan Blvd.22 persons. Most interviews were recorded and continued until repeated and similar answers were faced with. Data classification was done based on subjects and models. Then, research results were provided to 60% of interviews, confirmed by them and some issues were corrected. The validity criteria for research results are: (1) interpreting the research results based on reaching joint ideas, i.e. inter-subjective agreement (in such a way that the depth and quality of results may be touched by other people and daily life) and (2) Approving and verifying the research results by interviewees, experts and specialist. In research methodology, observing the basic principles of phenomenology and qualitative research and inductive reasoning were also considered. In present paper, classification is done via statistical community method. Since, in this research the emphasis is on qualitative strategy, the high number of samples in neighborhood is not the main point, rather trying to select samples in a selective and purposeful way is more important. Sample collection continued until some final results and common points were reached. The analysis of the findings shows that the newly built and planned Guilan Blvd. neighborhood is in a weaker stance than its older counterpart - i.e. Sagharisazan; the causes of this issue are: monotonousness of environment, standardization of context, decline of native identity, lack of rich human communications, lack of collective life sense, immigrant attractiveness, being newly built, lack of common memories, lack of familiarity with environment in Guilan Blvd., and also change of taste and people’s view of life which ultimately has lead to incomplete development of inhabitation concept in Guilan Blvd.

Extended AbstractIntroductionPoverty, inequality and the inability of some groups in the community to provide adequate housing and the shortcomings of the urban planning and management system in creating the necessary conditions for these groups to enjoy adequate housing led to the formation of informal settlements and slums. The purpose of this study is to analyze the causes of spatial distribution of poverty and urban deprivation among informal NEIGHBORHOODS and settlements in Ahvaz. MethodologyThe present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of type and theoretical-applied in terms of purpose. In order to collect information for the necessary theoretical insight and review the literature on the subject, documentary and library methods and for other data, 12389 blocks of data taken from the data of the Statistics Center of Iran in 2016 have been used. To investigate the spatial distribution of urban poverty in informal settlements in Ahvaz, first poverty indicators are calculated using Excel software and factor analysis is examined using SPSS software. To perform the spatial analysis, the methods of spatial autocorrelation analysis of general Moran statistic, G general statistic, hot spots and Morris's time index of development in GIS software environment were exerted. In this regard, 29 urban poverty indicators have been defined and calculated and scaled by fuzzy method in Excel software environment, and then transferred to SPSS software environment. Results and discussionIn order to analyze and explain the blocks of Ahvaz city, 28 indicators were defined. In factor analysis, those with a specific value greater than one remain in the components, and if the values are less than one, they are separated from the other components. After analyzing the hot spots of poor NEIGHBORHOODS, the Morris index of each factor was calculated and converted into a map and poverty zoning maps were prepared according to seven factors. The first factor affecting poverty areas are scattered in the center and western half of Ahvaz. Al-Safi, Hasirabad, Manbae Ab, Alavi alley, Razmandegan, Krishan, Malashieh, Siyahi and the same two are among the nine marginal NEIGHBORHOODS that have the highest percentage of the population in the middle class with 29.2% and the poor with 53.6%. It is noteworthy that the highest employment ratio in the three middle classes was 31.47, poor 34.98 and very poor with 39.94% more than the employment ratio in the affluent class with 24.8% and the economic participation rate in the middle classes with 37.90, poor 40.24 and very poor with 43.56 percent more than the affluent class with 30.92 percent. This can be due to the employment of the poor population in service and informal activities such as employment in construction, sales, repairs, wholesale and retail, transportation and other service activities. The reason for the employment of this group in low levels of services is often due to lack of sufficient skills and education. In terms of geographical distribution, Ein Do, Seyahi, Koi Alavi, Goldasht, Golbahar, Malashieh, Krishan and Razmandegan towns are located on the western outskirts of Ahvaz. As a result, it is observed that a high percentage of the area of Ahvaz city is at the average level of net dependency with 54.4%. Despite this, the net support of the poor is estimated at 2.10 percent. In the fourth factor of Mauritius, which emphasizes the population index, it is observed that the rate of population density in slums is higher than affluent and moderate NEIGHBORHOODS. Distribution of social index, percentage of divorced men to all men aged 10 and over and percentage of divorced women to total women aged 10 and over in the eastern half of Ahvaz, especially in suburban areas such as Ain Do, Malachieh, Goldasht, Golbahar and Sayyahi. According to the findings, the percentage of divorced women to the total number of women aged 10 and over in all classes is higher than the percentage of divorced men to the total number of men aged 10 and over because many men marry after the divorce. In poor areas, including the poor with 2.58 and the very poor with 4.90, there is the highest percentage of divorced women out of the total number of women aged 10 and over. ConclusionThe highest percentage of city blocks with 44.4% is in the middle class and the lowest with 8.1% is in the very poor class. The highest percentage of the city area is in the middle and poor clusters with 36.28 and 34.28%, respectively. It seems that the poor and middle class in the city of Ahvaz with a high percentage of population and households are scattered in most parts of the city, but the affluent class with a very small population of 0.037% 23.8% of the city area. The high rate of economic participation in informal settlements indicates that a significant percentage of the population of working age is present in the informal labor market which in fact, this group is excluded from the active population. The amount of net dependency burden is one of the valid economic indicators that shows each employed person is responsible for the living expenses of several dependents. In the very poor class with 2.10 and the poor class with 0.36 percent of the burden of care, it shows that this class bears more economic burden than the employees of other NEIGHBORHOODS. Among the fifth factor indicators, the high percentage of divorced women to the total number of women aged 10 and over, poor and very poor, with 4.90 and 2.58%, which completely cover the slums, indicate the vulnerability of female-headed households in the community which needs to be considered by planners and policy-makers.

The national regeneration program of urban fabrics has been promoted Since 2009 by advocacy measures including granting cheap construction credits and no permit fees in an annual encouraging package that with other neighborhood base promotion increased housing construction in determinate areas. However this question has been mentioned that whether this kind of regeneration will lead to more sustainable NEIGHBORHOODS and communities, especially in term of social sustainability? The main goal was evaluation of direct result and long-run impacts of regeneration program on main aspects of social sustainability in two selected neighborhood of Tehran, Shamshiry and Shobiry-Ja. Following a relatively comprehensive discussion on literature review and theoretical issues, assessment framework of social sustainability fixed on 9 main aspects and more then hundred criteria which classified in 3 levels, based on Maslow’ s hierarchy of needs. Data of each criterion gathered by questionnaire (716 sample, 46 criteria), observation (14 criteria), interview and documents (37 criteria) and evaluated based on national urban standards and analytical thresholds which are prevalent in social impact assessment studies. Overall results show in a few aspects, regeneration program has made both NEIGHBORHOODS more sustainable. However in many areas the program has leaded to unsustainable outcomes for communities. Foreseeable trends shows, if the current direction insist to continue without improvements, will jeopardize all achievements of program and will make the social structure of NEIGHBORHOODS unsustainable.

For the "identity" is a collection of traits and characteristics that Cause of ‎identify a person or community of people and other communities, As a result of this ‎neighborhood and the city Gain character and are independent. And then Factors of ‎Identity of the city are for analyze of the case study. In This paper analyze and evaluate ‎of effective identity in identity urban of Mesgarha NEIGHBORHOODS has discussed and ‎case study is to analyze the causes of urban identity. In continues Too According to the ‎Foundations Theoretical of Mesgarha NEIGHBORHOODS in sections: The formation of a ‎Mesgarha street, Mesgarha neighborhood over time, Location of The study area in the ‎city, The quality of the access network in the study area, Uses quality in the detailed ‎design, Visual quality wall of , analyze of the conceptual elements highlighted in the ‎Mesgarha street, analyze Mesgarha street of Viewpoint socially, Mass and space in the ‎Mesgarha street, Physical elements with historical and cultural value in the Mesgarha ‎neighborhood, Has been analyzed and evaluated. It was also found Mesgarha ‎neighborhood identity in direct contact with individual buildings such as Amamzadeh ‎Syed Ibrahim, Dokhan Inn, market entry and collection of one-story buildings with ‎traditional architecture and is the harmony and unity.‎

Urban spaces as areas for social life, are places for urban activities, social correlations, social interchange and formal behavior with others. Considering the features and uses, and according to the qualities of these spaces, they are capable of extending the social domain and they can have negative or positive effect on social connections, trust, social correlations and collaborations which all are components of social capital. One of the factors that can increase the level of interactions, is the movement of pedestrian in urban spaces. This research is done to discover and analyze the effects of walkability on improving the social capital in the sample NEIGHBORHOODS of Tehran Megalopolis. In this research for determining of NEIGHBORHOODS walkability level, GIS, VICKOR models, Shanon entropy and AHP, and for the testing of the social capital indexes is used questioner method and SPSS software. The result of this research shows that with the correlation coefficient (0. 144) between two variables, there is no meaningful relation between walkability and social capital. So, with rejecting the hypothesis of the research, it's true that it can not be said firmly that with walkability spaces we can improve social capital, but maybe it can be said that the existing spaces are not qualified enough, and with creating pedestrian – oriented spaces with qualities based on urban design principles or with improving the quality of existing spaces can be improved social capital in the urban spaces.

Extended abstract:Introduction:From the very beginning of society development and the basic biological complexes, human have tried to take control of their environment in response to one of their most basic innate needs. In this regard, since the purpose of planning is to improve the environment in terms of security, health, beauty, convenience and general welfare, quality of the environment has been considered as one of the key issues in the topics of planning and design. In relation to this concept, the importance of urban residential environments as the main residence of people is increasing day by day, so that in the first place these environments provide important tools for the development of different life indicators such as health, family, work or leisure.

Social capital and place attachment are among important concepts and are of the resources of a local community. Social values of a place can improve the sense of belonging and attachment to the community and thereby ensure sustainability and local identification. In this regard and in order to promote social values of urban NEIGHBORHOODS, in this paper, the role of social capital in the creation of place attachment in traditional areas in Hamadan is examined. This is a descriptive - analytical research which used questionnaires to collect needed data. Also, due to the objectives and research questions-in this Study and in order to calculate and analyze the loadings and the correlation coefficient among the components and indicators of social capital and a sense of attachment to place, LIZREL SPSS software were used. The results showed that social capital of a place had a significant effect on place attachment. The four items of the human element, location, social values, and time are influential in determining place attachment, whereby time, through variables like interaction with the past, memories, length of Stay, and the like, can have an important effect on place attachment.