In this study, chemical compositions of black seed meals samples were determined. 18 male weaning Zandi lambs with an average body weight of 23.5 ±1.5 kg were used in a completely randomized design in three groups of six in individual pens. Experimental treatments were: 1) control (basal diet with 12% soybean meal and without black seed meal), 2) diet containing 6% soybean meal and 9% black seed meal and 3) diet containing 18% black seed meal and without soybean meal. The concentration of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, NDF, ADF, ADIN, and crude ash of black seed meal samples were 97.53±0.58, 31.26±0.99, 15.16 ± 0.61, 25.95 ± 1.34, 14.2±0.80, 0.69±0.04 and 5.07 ± 0.24, respectively. Replacement of soybean meal with black seed meal in the diet of experimental lambs had no effect on final body weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, dry matter intake, dressing percentage, tail and total body fat deposition. Albumin and total protein were higher for lambs fed by diet containing 18 % black seed meal compared to other treatments (P <0.05). However, the concentration of blood triglyceride, cholesterol and urea nitrogen were not differed between experimental groups. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude fat and protein were not affect by feeding of experimental diets. It seems that black seed meal can be used in the diet of fattening lambs up to 18% without adverse effect on performance and NUTRIENTS digestibility of growing lambs.

In this paper using NUTRIENTS elasticity tools, consumer behavior of urban and rural area was surveyed in long run and short run during 1981-2005. To calculate NUTRIENTS elasticity (as a main purpose of this paper), we use Huang and Lin demand model (2001) and Lan-Caster s consumption technology equation. Finally N=S *D matrix was employed to calculate NUTRIENTS elasticity, where N contained NUTRIENTS elasticity values (related to income variations), S also indicated the percentage of a specific NUTRIENTS in each food and D defined the demand elasticity matrix. According to subgroup of food income elasticity, we suggest to subsidize “bread, grains and their products” and also “milk and its products and egg” to enhance the quality level of consumption pattern of urban and rural areas. Also price elasticity of meat subgroups price is highest in urban societies and according to the lack of consumption effects of it, governmental implementation of supporting programs will be necessary. The result of income elasticity of NUTRIENTS shows that the more costs taken in each subgroup of foodstuff, the more is consumption of NUTRIENTS consumption.

Discharging wastewater contaminated with nitrogen and phosphorus compounds (NUTRIENTS) can be harmful to both human health and the environment. The present study investigated the efficiency of removing total nitrogen, total phosphate, and chemical oxygen demand using a novel reactor design. The reactor was an anaerobic-anoxic/aerobic sequencing batch reactor with continuous influent and discontinuous outlet. The operation consisted of four phases. Phases 3 and 4 had mixing cycles, whereas phases 1 and 2 only had aeration, settling, and discharge cycles. Phase 4 was the most effective. The average removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand, NH4 +, total nitrogen, and total phosphate in Phase 4 were 92, 91, 86, and 85 %, respectively. This phase comprised 225 min of intermittent aeration time, 165 min of intermittent mixing time, and 90 min of settling and discharge. In addition to high efficiency in nutrient removal, the reactor had other advantages, including continuous flow and performance in all phases.

Purpose Silicate rock powders have been appointed as possible nutrient alternative sources which might enhance the agriculturalsector sustainability. However, the application of those materials directly in soil presents as main limitations the lowcontent and solubility of the mineral nutrient sources. In this perspective, the aim of the present study was to evaluate, in abioweathering perspective, the conjunct application potential of phonolite with organic composts over the NUTRIENTS releasein soil, as well as the production and nutrition of brachiaria grass (Urochloa decumbens). In addition, it was sought to assessthe composting process effectiveness in improving the nutrient release from this rock. Method An experiment was conducted with five treatments (control; enriched compost with powder rock at 10%; mixedcompost with powder rock at 10%; solely powder rock; solely compost) and four repetitions. Results The alternative sources positively influenced the productivity, as well as the K and Si contents at the aerial part ofthe brachiaria grass and the nutrient release in soil. However, the conjunct applications of powder phonolite with organiccomposts were the source which the best promoted the total nutrient biorelease to soil. Conclusion Nevertheless, there was no evidence that the composting process promotes the phonolite bioweathering. On theother hand, the conjunct application of powder phonolite with organic composts, either as an initial component to the compostingpile or additive to the stabilized composts, is a strategy which enhances the nutrient biorelease of the mineral source.

This study described the interactions of different nutritional components with the immune system. A detailed search was carried out on Google Scholar and PubMed databases to find out the relevant research studies using different keywords, such as "NUTRIENTS", "MicroNUTRIENTS", and "Immune system and microNUTRIENTS". Only those papers that discussed the interactions between NUTRIENTS and the components of the immune system were included in the study. This research outlined the impact of different vitamins, trace elements or metals, amino acids, and fatty acids on different immune system components. It was found that vitamins, such as vitamin A, D, and C, tend to help immune cell differentiation and enhance the expression of different cytokines. Vitamins also contribute to the proliferation of T and B cells and impact the production of white blood cells. Similarly, trace elements or metals act as enzyme cofactors and control different immune response cycles by controlling the expression of cytokines, chemokines, and other signaling molecules. Moreover, different essential and nonessential amino acids play important roles in immune system development as they are primarily involved in protein synthesis. Amino acids, such as arginine, glutamine, and alanine, modulate the expression of cytokines and also control the migration and transmigration capabilities of macrophages. They also enhance the phagocytic properties of macrophages and neutrophils. In a similar way, fatty acids act as anti-inflammatory agents since they can decrease the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and MHCII. Furthermore, they inhibit the secretion of different inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, all the components of our daily diet are associated with the development of the immune system, and understanding their interactions is important for future immune therapies and drug development.