Background and Aim: With increasing age, degenerative changes in testicular tissue can be seen along with a decrease in sperm quality. Among the factors that have a toxic effect on sperm quality is the increase of oxygen free radicals by cadmium chloride, the low amount of which is necessary for sperm to acquire fertility. Nanoselenium as a strong antioxidant is able to neutralize free radicals. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nanoselenium on oxidative status in cadmium chloride induced infertility in adult male Wistar rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 48 adults male Wistar rats were randomly divided into eight groups including: healthy, experimentally healthy, receiving nanoselenium (0. 05, 0. 1, 0. 2 mg/kg body weight), infertile control, receiving cadmium chloride, experimental infertile Cadmium chloride, and Nano-Selenium recipients (0. 05, 0. 1, 0. 2 mg/kg body weight). The duration of treatment was 30 days. At the end of the treatment, the animals were anesthetized and the testicular tissue of the rats was removed immediately. The testes were homogenized and malondialdehyde (MDA), levels and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymes were measured. Finally, The results were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Results: The results of the present study showed that the amount of MDA in the group treated with cadmium chloride increased significantly compared to the control group (3. 88 ±,0. 34) (p˂, 0. 05). The results also indicated that the antioxidant power of testicular tissue in the group treated with cadmium chloride was significantly reduced compared to the healthy control group (p˂, 0. 05). Moreover, nanoselenium treatment in infertile animals at doses of 0. 1 and 0. 2 mg/kg improved the oxidative stress parameters compared to the infertile control group. Conclusion: It seems that nanoselenium, as a strong antioxidant, can inhibit the destructive effects of cadmium chloride on lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant power of testicular tissue.

Objective: To assess regenerative capacities of chitosan-nanoselenium conduit on transected sciatic nerve in diabetic rats. Methods: A 10-mm sciatic nerve defect was bridged using a chitosan-nanoselenium conduit filled with phosphate buffered saline. In chitosan group, the chitosan conduit was filled with phosphate buffered saline solution. In sham-operated group, sciatic nerve was exposed and closed. In transected group, right sciatic nerve was transected and nerve cut ends were fixed in the adjacent muscle. The regenerated fibers were studied within 12 weeks after surgery. Results: The behavioral and functional and electrophysiological tests confirmed faster recovery of the regenerated axons in chitosan-nanoselenium conduit group compared to chitosan group (p=0. 001). The mean ratios of gastrocnemius muscles weight were measured. There was statistically significant difference between the muscle weight ratios of chitosan-nanoselenium conduit and chitosan groups (p=0. 001). Morphometric indices of regenerated fibers showed number and diameter of the myelinated fibers were significantly higher in chitosan-nanoselenium conduit group than in chitosan group. Conclusion: chitosan-nanoselenium conduit resulted in acceleration of functional recovery and quantitative morphometric indices of sciatic nerve.

The effect of inclusion of Nanoselenium to the commercial diet on the growth indices, liver enzymes and immune system of juvenile Acipenser stellatus was investigated. Individual 120 juveniles with an average weight of 21.93±1.03 g were fed with diets A, B, C and D (containing 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and no Nanoselenium) for 8 weeks. At the end of the rearing period, blood samples were prepared from fish to evaluate liver enzymes and immune system indices. The final weight and daily growth in fish fed with diet A (0.1 mg /kg) were significantly higher than those fed with diet C (0.3 mg/kg). But there was no significant difference with fish fed with diet D (non Nanoselenium). The condition factor and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed with diet containing 0.1 mg/kg Nanoselenium was significantly higher than fish fed with diets C and D. There was no significant difference in the of total immunoglobulin (IgM) and complement (ACH50) in different groups, But the secretion of lysozyme in fish fed with diet B was significantly higher than other groups. There was no significant difference in the activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase enzymes in fish fed with diets containing Nanoselenium compared to the treatment without Nanoselenium. It seems that inclusion of 0.1 and 0.2 mg of Nanoselenium per kilogram has a positive effect on the growth indices and immune system of Acipenser stellatus in growth stage.

The set of non-specific antioxidant activities is called Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC). The aim was to determine the serum TAC level following selenium and Vit.E supplementation in lambs. Thirty two male Macuei lambs under 2 months of age and average weight of 10 kg were selected. Lambs were classified into 8 groups including control, Vit.E, Se nanoparticles (NanoSe), Oral sodium selenite (NaSe), NaSe Injection, NanoSe/Vit.E, Oral NaSe/Vit.E and Se/Vit.E (E/Se) injection and studied for 90 days. Lambs were bled 6 times around 5 ml at days 1, 7, 14, 30, 60 and 90 and sera were used to assess TAC consentration. In all, the lowest TACs in lambs was observed in the NanoSe group (1.17 μmol/l) and the highest was in the injected E/Se group (1.32 μmol/l) on day 60, but the differences among 8 groups during the 90 days were not significant. During the 90 days of investigation the most stable and lowest changes in TAC concentration was observed in the Vit.E group and the most unstable changes were revealed in the NanoSe and injected NanoSe/Vit.E groups. The mean TAC concentrations on days 14 and 60 were significant among groups, which was mainly predominant in the injected sodium selenite and injected selenium/vitamin E groups, respectively. Comparison of TAC concentration among sampling times revealed the difference in NanoSe and NanoSe/vitamin E in which the lowest concentration belonged to NanoSe. The results of the interaction effect of sampling time and groups on TAC concentration showed a significant time difference, especially on days 14 and 60, with no significant difference between groups. TAC concentration in the first day was correlated with day 60 in the control group, day 7 and 14 in NanoSe/Vit.E, group and day 60 in injected E/Se. In conclusion, selenium and Vit.E supplements had no effect on TAC levels, whereas TAC levels were time-dependent. Therefore, the activity of nonspecific antioxidants (TACs) is not affected by specific antioxidants such as selenium and Vit.E and changes over time.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of oral administration of nanoparticles-selenium and selenit sodium on peripheral blood factors in sheep. For the purpose fifteen sheep, were randomly divided to three groups and to groups 1 nanoparticles-selenium (1mg/kg), prepared by selenium dioxide reduction using ascorbic acid, to groups 2 selenit sodium (1mg/kg) and to group 3 as control group distilled water were orally given for 10 consecutive days. Then, the blood sample were collected from the jugular vein of all sheep into the tubes containing heparin on days 0, 10, 20 and 30 and on them were determined the hematological factors including hematocrit, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, white blood cell, platelet and total protein concentration was determined by autoanalyzer. For differential cell counting, after the preparation of candle flame smear, were fixed by methanol and were stained with giemsa for 20 minutes. Then the cells number of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes differential count were by lens 100 of optical microscopy and cedar oil. Statistical analysis in the hematocrit, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, platelets, fibrinogen and total protein showed no significant difference among the three groups on different days. But the survey of the white blood cells count showed a significant increase in group1 on day30 with day 0 and means comparison in group-1 with control group on day 30. Also, the neutrophils count determined a significant increase ingroup 1 on day 30 with day 10 and means comparison in group-1 with two and control groups on day10. The survey of the lymphocytes count showed a significant decrease inmeans comparison in group-1 with two and control groups on day10. The study revealed nanoparticles-selenium compared with sodium selenite increase, the number of white blood cells and neutrophils with greater intensity.

The increasing demand for hydrocolloids with specific functionality has led researchers to seek new hydrocolloid sources. One of the methods to enhance the viability of probiotics under stressful conditions is microencapsulation, to deliver these bacteria to the body in sufficient numbers and utilize their health-promoting effects. The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of Lactobacillus acidophilus microencapsulation by ammonium gum (AMG) and its enrichment using nanoselenium, and determine its viability under stressful conditions. AMG was extracted from the mucilage of Dorema Ammoniacum plant using a solvent and then precipitated by alcohol. 1%, 5%, and 10% w/v solutions of AMG were prepared, and then nanoselenium particles synthesized at a concentration of 1. 5% were added to the bacterial suspension with an average count of 6. 85×1011 log CFU g-1. The results showed that with an increase in the concentration of gum, the encapsulation efficiency significantly increased from 66% to 81%. The viability rate for 1%, 5%, and 10% concentrations of AMG under refrigeration conditions was 62. 43%, 72. 37%, and 81. 83%, respectively. Under simulated gastric conditions at the pH levels used in this study, the counts of viable cells after 3 h of incubation for 5% and 10% concentrations of AMG remained higher than 7 log CFU g-1. After 6 h of incubation in a 10 g L-1 solution, the free cells showed a decrease to 5. 93 log CFU g-1, while for microencapsulated cells at concentrations of 1%, 5%, and 10%, it was only 3. 93 log CFU g-1, 3. 15 log CFU g-1, and 1. 9 log CFU g-1, respectively. The results showed that AMG has very good encapsulation properties, which can be used in many food formulations for these purposes.