Background: Anopheles fluviatilis, one of the major malaria vectors in Iran, is assumed to be a complex of sibling species. The aim of this study was to evaluate Cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene alongside 28S-D3 as a diagnostic tool for identification of An. fluviatilis sibling species in Iran.Methods: DNA sample belonging to 24 An. fluviatilis mosquitoes from different geographical areas in south and southeastern Iran were used for amplification of COI gene followed by sequencing. The 474–475 bp COI sequences obtained in this study were aligned with 59 similar sequences of An. fluviatilis and a sequence of Anopheles minimus, as out group, from GenBank database. The distances between group and individual sequences were calculated and phylogenetic tree for obtained sequences was generated by using Kimura two parameter (K2P) model of neighborjoining method.Results: Phylogenetic analysis using COI gene grouped members of Fars Province (central Iran) in two distinct clades separate from other Iranian members representing Hormozgan, Kerman, and Sistan va Baluchestan Provinces.The mean distance between Iranian and Indian individuals was 1.66%, whereas the value between Fars Province individuals and the group comprising individuals from other areas of Iran was 2.06%.Conclusion: Presence of 2.06% mean distance between individuals from Fars Province and those from other areas of Iran is indicative of at least two sibling species in An. fluviatilis mosquitoes of Iran. This finding confirms earlier results based on RAPD-PCR and 28S-D3 analysis.

Background: Rotavirus has been considered the main causal agent of gastroenteritis worldwide. However, after rotavirus vaccine implementation, new reports have revealed the prevalence of other viral gastroenteritis agents such as norovirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, and other rare rotaviruses. Their prevalence is increasing in both developed and developing countries and may become a serious public health problem. Objectives: The study aimed to determine the relationship between co-infections with enteric viruses and acute gastroenteritis in hospitalized children under five years of age. Methods: A total of 57 stool samples were collected during 2010-2011 in two hospitals in Chihuahua, Mé xico, located in northern Mexico. The genotypic analysis was done using RT-PCR of specific regions of the viral enteric genome. In addition, phylogenetic analysiswasdeveloped by sequencing of the completegenomecharacteristic for the classification of enteric viruses by the neighborjoining method. Results: Molecular detection revealed the presence of at least one viral agent in 61. 4% (n = 35) of the total analyzed samples. Among the positive samples, rotavirus was identified in 49. 12% (n = 21), adenovirus in 14% (n = 8), and a co-infection of norovirus and astrovirus in 3. 5% (n = 2) of the samples. Rotavirus co-infection with another viral agent was identified in 14. 28% (n = 5) of positive samples. Conclusions: Viral gastroenteritis has been decreasing after the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine. However, the appearance of co-infections has significantly increased, as evidenced by the high prevalence of enteroviruses among hospitalized children in Chihuahua, Mexico.