Test automation is one of the major areas in software engineering. Test automation can reduce the high cost of software development and at the same time increases the reliability of the testing process. In this paper we present a novel specification based framework for automating test process based on use case scenarios. It receives software specification that defined with UML at design level and source code. One of major byproduct of our framework is test pattern which can be used for other purposes such as design verification.

An anodic stripping differential pulse voltammetric method was proposed for rapid and sensitive determination of hypochlorite (OCL-) ion. A modified electrode was prepared by modification of carbon paste using alumina nanopowder. This rapid, simple and accurate method is based on the electrooxidation of OCL-ion accumulated at the electrode surface. Nanoalumina modification increased the oxidation peak current for OCL-ion. The effects of different parameters on the electrode response were studied and the optimum condition was established. The response of the sensor was linear in the range 0. 1-800 μ g ml-1 of OCL-ion, with a correlation coefficient of 0. 9992 at the optimum condition. The limit of detection was obtained as 0. 025 μ g ml-1. The effects of some cations, anions and organic species, which may coexist with OCL-ion in real samples on the current response of OCL-, were investigated. The investigated chemical species did not interfere with the OCL-electrochemical signal. OCL-ion in water and dairy product samples was successfully determined using the proposed electrode.

Background: The idea of preoperative overnight fasting was challenged and verified to have no benefits compared with drinking clear liquids up until 2 hours before surgery. In this study, we explored the possible effects of preoperative oral carbohydrate loading (OCL) on insulin resistance and the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods: Totally, 260 patients were recruited and allocated randomly to intervention (n=130) and control (n=130) groups. The intervention group received 250 mL of an oral carbohydrate fluid containing 25 g of glucose, and the control group received standard care. Insulin resistance, glycemic indices, and clinical outcomes were assessed before and after surgery. Results: Totally, 107 patients in the intervention group and 103 in the control group completed the study and were, thus, included in the final analysis. Preoperative OCL 2 hours before surgery improved postoperative fasting blood sugar and clinical outcomes after cardiac surgery including thirst, hunger, anxiety, pain, the length of stay in the hospital, and the length of stay in the ICU (all Ps<0. 05). Conclusions: OCL administered preoperatively seems to be beneficial in improving the biochemical and clinical outcomes of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Notably, preoperative OCL as a safe, simple, and cost-benefit approach is associated with no or negligible harm and, therefore, could be recommended in the setting of cardiac surgery, with careful attention to contraindications.

Background: Benzene is a volatile compound in petroleum products and the major concern about this is carcinogenic effects. This study aimed to review benzene removal ability of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by surface modified with calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite from aqueous solution.Methods: The removal of benzene from aqueous solution by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and its modified surface by calcium hypochlorite [MWCNT (Ca(OCL)2)] and sodium hypochlorite [MWCNT(NaOCL)] were evaluated. Synthetic samples were analyzed by Gas Chromatography.Findings: this study, nano-materials with dosage of 0.5 g/l, contact time (1-hr and 2-hr) with benzene concentration of 100 mg/l and pH 7 were chosen. The equilibrium amount (qe) and removal efficiency (R) for benzene were 188.6 mg/g and 94.3%, respectively and by MWCNT (Ca(OCL)2) were higher than MWCNT (NaOCL) (qe=187.7; R=93.9%) and MWCNT (qe=182.6; R=91.3%).Conclusion: The MWCNT (Ca(OCL)2) can effectively adsorb benzene from water and can thus be used as efficient adsorbents to purify waters and wastewaters polluted by the petrochemicals.

Introduction: Bladder stone is more common in developing countries and it is one of the rare diseases affecting children. In recent years, there is an increasing tendency in urologists to have minimal invasive approaches. The aim of this study was to compare the results of surgical bladder stone management in our single tertiary center.Methods: From 159 children younger than 18 years with vesical stones treated during January 2000 to January 2015 in Shohada-e-Tajrish hospital, Tehran, Iran, 146 subjects entered to the study. According to type of intervention, patients stratified to three groups. First group included 80 patients that open cystolithotomy (OCL) was done for them, second group was 39 patients who underwent percutaneous cystolithotomy (PCCL) and third group was 27 patients who treated by transurethral cystolithotripsy with holmium-YAG laser (TULL). Demographic data, hospital stay, operation time, and post operation complications were recorded and comparison were drawn between the three groups.Results: Mean age was 8.3±5.1 years (8.6±5.1, 6±4.2 years for boys and girls, respectively). Mean stone size (MSS) was 2.76±1.07 cm and no significant differences were found between the three groups but it was larger in OCL group. Mean operative time (MOT) was 29.15±7.12 minutes in separate; MOT in TULL was significantly higher than PCCL and OCL respectively (36.3±5.97, 30.54±5.27 and 26.06±6.32 minutes/ P=0.000). Mean hospital stay (MHS) in OCL group was 3.55 ± 1 days that was higher than PCCL and TULL groups significantly (P=0.000).Conclusion: Based on our study, holmium: YAG lithotripsy has a high success rate, and is a minimally invasive management, therefore it is a safe method for children bladder calculi treatment if proper equipment was available and done by expert hands.

Today, ubiquitous systems has been growing to become the new generation of Geospatial Information Systems (GIS). In Ubiquitous GIS, servicing capabilities to any user, at any time, in any location, using any device, and in any condition are provided. Advances in Information Technology (IT) industry have led to the advent of low-cost three dimensional data acquisition technologies (e. g. Microsoft Kinect). However, there are some deficiencies and limitations in utilizing these novel technologies in Ubiquitous GIS environments. Among them is the lack of information about the three dimensional topological relations between identified objects. Moreover, the current data models for the extraction of topological relations in ubiquitous environments are not sufficient. Therefore, the aim of this study is to extract the topological relations between objects sensed by Microsoft Kinect by designing a novel Ubiquitous GIS Data Model (UGDM). To obtain the extent of each object, the bounding box algorithm has been employed. The results of analyses on the acquired data from Kinect sensor show the success of the proposed data model in topological information. Ability to use spatial information at any time and places based on the use of IT and different infrastructures like sensor network (SN), Internet, and communication devices used in the system must be arranged by a ubiquitous data model to make different services at any time, any place, by any device and data for any user. Spatial relationships between objects, containing the fundamental information relating to the environment. Among these spatial relationships can be noted such as directional relationships, like: “ left” , ” right” , ” above” , and “ bottom” or distance based relations such as: “ near” or “ far” . The topology relationships used more in GIS desired location can be also noted such as: “ inside” , “ intersection” , “ touch” , and “ outside” and etc. Extraction of relationships between different features are done on the basis of data modeling techniques. Since the traditional data models don’ t cover capabilities of the ubiquitous computing tools used in ubiquitous GIS to extract 3D relationships, we discuss the creation of facilities for the extraction of spatial relationships in ubiquitous GIS. A new generation of GIS is ubiquitous GIS, which in this generation service functionality to any user, at any given time and place. With the advancement of new technologies in capturing 3D point clouds of the environment, general changes are created in ubiquitous computing. The sensors used to obtain environmental information is provided in this generation are often inexpensive sensors. One of the important issues associated with this generation is the extraction of 3D topological relationships to interact with the environment better, which these sensors don’ t have this ability to extract 3D topological relationships. To provide such a ubiquitous data model it is required to use software and hardware standards in order to exchange information in different parts of the ubiquitous model properly. The goal of this article is providing a ubiquitous data model based on the predefined standards to extract spatial relations. Spatial relations include directional, projection, distance and topological manners examined in this article. Because there is no unique method for extracting different spatial relations topological relations. Developing a spatial language as Ubi-OCL for defining different elements used in the data model provides an interoperable connection between the user and the data model. In this language the user can select the type of sensor and spatial relations to be extracted. For evaluating the presented data model, topological relations extracted will be presented in the article. As conclusion this article shows the different results with different sensors, the bounding box method is used for processing Kinect’ s point cloud for extracting spatial relations according to provided data model.

Blockchain is a technology that enables distributed and secure data structures for various business domains. Bitcoin is a notable blockchain application that is a decentralized digital currency with immense popularity and value. Bitcoin involves many concepts and processes that require modelling for better comprehension and development. Modelling is a technique that simplifies and abstracts a system at a certain level of detail and accuracy. Software modelling is applied in Model-Driven Engineering (MDE), which automates the software development process using models and transformations. Domain-specific languages (DSLs) are languages that are customized for a specific domain and offer intuitive syntax for domain experts.  To address the need for specialized tools for Bitcoin blockchain modelling, we propose a novel Unified Modelling Language (UML) profile that is specifically designed for this domain. UML is a standard general-purpose modelling language that can be extended by profiles to support specific domains. A meta-model is a model that defines the syntax and semantics of a modelling language. The proposed meta-model, which includes stereotypes, tagged values, enumerations, and constraints defined by Object Constraint Language (OCL), is defined as a UML profile. The proposed meta-model is implemented in the Sparx Enterprise Architect (Sparx EA) modelling tool, which is a widely used tool for software modelling and design. To validate the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed UML profile, we developed a real-world case study using the proposed meta-model and conducted an evaluation using the Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method (ATAM). The results showed the proposed UML profile promising.

Mustard chemical warfare has been neutralized by solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite. Sulfur mustard has been hydrolyzed with water, and converted to thiodiglicol.

The most common method of desalination is membrane method. Despite the large application, this method has weaknesses such as limited flux and low resistance to chlorine. In this research, a solution based on the use of functional graphene oxide with thionyl chloride(GO-OCL) in a polyamide membrane structure is suggested. To implement this idea, a new method was used to optimize the production of GO-OCL membrane using Constrain Mixture Design (CMD) (a design of experiment method). For execution, according to the CMD method, thirteen combinations of three materials: trimesoyl chloride, m-phenylenediamine and GO-COCL were selected. Then the membrane properties including salt rejection, resistance to chlorine and flux were measured. With using multi-objective optimization method, the optimal concentration was obtained, and the corresponding membrane was constructed. Comparison of the optimal membrane performance with pristine membrane showed that the flux of water was increased by 50. 6%, salt rejection decreased by 3%, and chlorine resistance increased by 4. 91%.

TiO2 was doped with various types of first row transition metals towards the degradation of dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and a mixture of carbon tetrachloride and chloroform. Zn2+/Fe3+/TiO2 photocatalyst with the ratio of 0.0005: 0.0005: 1 was revealed as the best catalyst in this study. 41.05% of dichloromethane, 49.45% of chloroform and 37.84% of carbon tetrachloride were degraded by this catalyst in the presence of UV light (6 W, 354 nm), irradiated for 90 minutes, and oxidized VOCs gases were analyzed using GC-FID. In this study the new species of CHCl+2, CH2Cl+, CCl+2 and OCL+. CHCl+2 was detected to form from the photocatalytic degradation of chloroform while some new fragments, such as OCL+, CHCl+2 and CH2Cl+, are observed during the photocatalytic degradation of carbon tetrachloride.