This paper describes a framework for 3D geospatial data infrastructure based on Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Standards in Iran, especially Tabriz, as one of the oldest cities with more than 3000 years of history. The external code lists based on local culture, vegetation and heritage landmarks were proposed for indexing 3D city structures, buildings, statues and city furniture of Tabriz. These code lists can be used between different governmental agencies as a communication tool and utilized for indexing in the 3D spatial Database (DB). There are some predefined code lists from Germany as the founder of City Geography Markup Language (CityGML), which can be utilized for Iranian context, along with some defined codes based on local cultures and structures. These code lists can be defined for all street furniture, sculptures, and facade textures in some applications such as city planning, built environment, disaster management, and so forth. The code lists can also be used for the components of the buildings, for instance, the facade of the building in different layers as an entity or multi-patch feature class or implicit geometry such as windows, doors, and backgrounds. In addition, the code list can be used to index city elements and enhance the use of 3D SDI for a variety of privileges from end-users to professionals in the near future for different organizations and management levels. The framework for web-based CityServer3D application has been discussed in this research paper. CityGML, as a standard data exchange format, has been utilized for developing 3D SDI for Iran, and implicit geometry representation has been used to avoid lagging while rendering the 3D models during navigation in the 3D virtual environment. The Implicit Geometry Representation (IGR) has been defined in CityGML as prototypic geometry which can be parameterized for multiple usages (Lö wner et al., 2016).

3D spatial data acquired using photogrammetric techniques, is one of the most accurate and economic spatial data sources for GIS and spatial analysis. But, there are still many problems about storing, structuring, and appropriate management of spatial data obtained using photogrammetric techniques. According to the abilities of spatial database management systems, it can be said that on-line integration of photogrammetric and spatial database management systems, saves time and cost of producing, structuring and updating map products. Also, by means of theses integrated systems that produce structured data based on defined standards and topological relations between features in real world at the time of feature digitizing process, a great development in the field of reel-time and on-line GIS can be occurred. In this paper, in addition to the evaluation of necessity and importance of integration of photogrammetric and spatial database management systems, and explaining different levels of the integration, design, implementation, and test of an integrated system is discussed.

Nowadays, standardized metadata for geospatial data is a key in sharing and finding information on the web and crucial in building Geospatial Data Infrastructure (GDI). The main objective of this paper was to develop a web-based metadata dissemination system for in-situ sensors based on, most importantly, interoperable, standard and open technologies introduced by Open GIS Consortium (OGC), namely Geography Markup Language (GML). In this research, at first a use case diagram was developed to demonstrate the user’s requirement. Then, an application XML schema based on user’s requirement was created. To build this schema, some GML schema documents (developed by Open GIS Consortium (OGC)) were imported into the application schema. System architecture was designed based on client/server model and a UML class diagram was also developed to present all classes and their attributes, operations and associations within the system. Implementation was conducted using GML, XML, XMLHTTP, DOM, ASP, and VBScript that brought out a web-network-based in-situ sensors metadata application. This application provided a user friendly interface to search and find sensor related information. Results showed that although GML and XML are powerful tools to build geo-metadata, it is important to note that GML document size may be a problem when dealing with huge amount of data.

A great deal of research has been conducted on the performance of granular columns under vertical loads. However, in some situations, the movement of the soil mass can lead to lateral deformations and, as a result, shear stresses in the soil and columns. The primary objective of the present study is to numerically investigate the shear performance of soft clay soil improved with a single Ordinary Granular Column (OGC) in the direct shear test using a hybrid Discrete Element-Finite Difference Method (DEM-FDM). The numerical modeling method was first validated by simulating a direct shear test conducted previously on a soft clay-OGC composite in the laboratory. Afterward, an extensive parametric study was conducted to determine how various factors affect the shear strength of clay-OGC composites. According to the results, increasing the area replacement ratio from 15 to 35% can increase the peak shear strength of clay-OGC composites in the direct shear test by up to two times, depending on the level of applied normal stress. The micro-scale results also indicated that the surface roughness of soil particles in OGC has a greater effect on the shear strength of clay-OGC composites than their angularity. Furthermore, the results showed that the equivalent friction angle of clay-OGC composites should be calculated based on the residual friction angle of granular soil used in OGC.

The Internet of Things (IOT) is a concept which emerged simultaneously with developments of data acquisition and sharing technologies, and growth of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). It also quickly involved different aspects of human being life in the modern world. In this study, the problem was investigated of environment monitoring issue, in particular air pollution. Air pollution is one of the main problems of the big cities and its harmful effects on environment and public health is inevitable. In this regard, real-time and optimal monitoring of air pollutants concentrations plays a significant role in inhibition of this problem. In this study, by integration of GIS and Internet of Things (IoT), guidelines were presented for optimal management of air pollutions High temporal and spatial variability of pollutants implies importance of using in-situ sensors to monitor this phenomena. Deployment and maintenance of air pollution sensor networks are very expensive. Moreover, measurement of air pollution concentration at anyplace is also impossible practically. Considering air pollution monitoring as a scenario in IoT world, accessing concentration level of air pollution at right time and right place, and due to client request is necessary. Therefore, a real-time monitoring system using geoprocessing services is needed which estimates concentration level of pollutants throughout the city. Currently, air pollution monitoring network of Tehran is governed by two organizations, while better estimation of air pollution requires both network data. Another problem is the heterogeneity of this network which make difficult to expand this measurements into another scenarios and projects, and transform information between IoT components in IoT context. Providing interoperability in this network, a spatial data infrastructure (SDI) is required to close these gaps. For this purpose, OGC Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) standards including Sensor Observation Service (SOS), Sensor Model Language (SensorML) and Observation and Measurement (O& M) were used. In proposed monitoring system, RESTful web services in Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) were implemented. Providing reliable information for users in the shortest possible time is another challenge in the Internet of Things. Accordingly, reliability and time as two indicators for evaluation quality of geospatial web services were proposed. Thus, quality of four interpolation services were investigated by utilizing two deterministic methods (Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) and Global Polynomial Interpolation (GPI)), and two geostatistical methods (Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) and Ordinary Kriging (OK)). In this study, quality behavior of interpolation web services was examined via study of the six parameters impacts on qualitative indices. Results of this analysis were independent of the measurements data type and could be used in other sensor networks. Among these six parameters, four of them were related to spatial distribution and network structure including average, minimum and maximum distance between in-situ sensors and also number of stations.2 other parameters were average and standard deviation of sensor measurements data that indicate statistical characteristics of sensor measurements data. Impact of mentioned parameters on indices were investigated by Pearson correlation coefficient. Results showed that average RMSE of OK and EBK services, 61.14 and 11.15 consecutively, were better than two other methods in reliability index. Time index of EBK service was weak (6 min 21 s) but other services were favorable (less that 1 s). Reliability index was impressed under the direct statistical properties (rRMSE>0.9). In contrast, time index was more impressionable than structural parameters especially number of sensors (rIDW=0.99, rEBK=0.97 and rOK=0.66). Proposed solution and results would be so useful in environmental monitoring systems development and interaction with other components in IoT context.

Complexity of multi dimension developments and infrastructures intensifies the land related challenges to adopt legal laws, restrictions and responsibilities. Although, multi dimension estates have been registering for many years, as the complexity of the estates are increased, disadvantages of the 2D cadaster is more appeared. Hence, the 3D cadaster has been a necessity for sustainable development. Visualizing is one of the important components of 3D cadaster. In the current research, for efficient and effective visualization of land ownerships and their related 3D information, firstly, the needed essentials of cadaster visualization systems have been classified into 3 groups including: cadaster, visualization and independent properties. Then, the trends of 3D visualization developments for older plugin and WebGL based technologies have been considered. Finally, a number of the most important systems according to the needed criteria for web-based 3D cadaster were evaluated and consequently, Cesium virtual environment has been selected as the best for the development purpose. To develop a system for 3D cadaster visualization, 2D building properties was converted to 3D using different software and then, land law properties were added and subsequently, Building Information Model (BIM) was provided. HTML5, JavaScript and CSS languages along with WebGL library and Cesium API were utilized. The implemented service is able to display WFS-based standard vector layers as well as WMS image of OGC standard. The system has the possibilities of 3D visualization like web-based 3D cadaster visualization and land law properties over the web. This enables the user to make the printed output of BIM along with descriptive information of the buildings.