Background and Aim: Evaluation of the treatment OUTCOME is an important stage in every healthcare system, including orthodontics. This study aimed to assess the attitude and practice regarding treatment OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (TOA) among Iranian orthodontists. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, a questionnaire was developed, which consisted of demographic, attitude, and practice sections. Content validity was evaluated using content validity index (CVI), and reliability of the answers was evaluated using test-retest method and Kappa statistics. The online questionnaire was sent to a Telegram group including 315 Iranian orthodontists and orthodontic residents. Only graduated orthodontists with more than two years of experience were included. Results: The average CVI was 0. 95, and Kappa value was greater than 0. 6. Totally, 66 orthodontists participated in the survey. Almost all orthodontists acknowledged the importance and positive effects of TOA. Seventy seven percent and 87. 9% of the participants stated that treatment duration and stability, respectively, should be considered while evaluating treatment OUTCOME. The most important disadvantage of TOA was its time-consuming nature (56. 1%). The best criterion for the evaluation of treatment OUTCOME was “ treatment objectives” (89. 4%). Photographs (84. 8%) were the most common post-treatment document followed by panoramic radiographs (72. 7%). Also, 23% and 65. 2% of the participants “ always” or “ usually” performed TOA, respectively. TOA was mostly performed subjectively (84. 8%) and during the debonding session (48. 5%). Conclusion: The results indicated that almost all orthodontists participating in this survey were aware of the importance of ASSESSMENT of treatment OUTCOME. Most of them usually performed such an ASSESSMENT using subjective methods.

Because mothers and fathers are more or less dissimilar at multiple HLA loci, mother considers her fetus as a semi-allograft. Mother's immune system may recognize paternal HLA as foreign antigen and may develop anti-paternal HLA antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocyte. There are some mechanisms that modulate maternal immune responses during pregnancy, in order to make uterus an immune privileged site. This immunosuppression is believed to be mediated, at least partly, by HLA-G, non-classical class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecule that is strongly expressed in cytotrophoblast and placenta. The major HLA-G function is its ability to inhibit T and B lymphocytes, NK cells and antigen-presenting cells (APC).Since HLA-G is expressed strongly at the maternofetal interface and has an essential role in immunosuppression, HLA-G polymorphism and altered expression of HLA-G seems to be associated with some complications of pregnancy, such as pre-eclampsia, recurrent misscariage and failure in IVF.This perspective discusses recent findings about HLA-G genetics, function, expression and polymorphism; and focus on HLA-G role in the etiology of recurrent miscarriage.

Objectives: The objective of this clinical study was to assess the predicted treatment OUTCOME and actual treatment OUTCOME and compare the models of both the groups so as to evaluate the effi cacy of tooth movement with clear aligner. Methods: The sample size included 10 cases with mild anterior crowding treated with aligner therapy. The predicted software models were superimposed on the Clinical STL models at various stages by using MeshLab software (Developed at the Visual Computing Lab at ISTI-CNR with the support of the 3D-co-form project). The predicted software models showing orthodontic tooth movement was compared with the actual movement achieved clinically. Results: The results of this study have shown that when a comparison was made on the basis of irregularity scores in both the groups, it was seen that the irregularity score was more in Clinical STL group at each stage such as 2. 55 at T4, 1. 65 at T6 and 1. 0 at T8 whereas 2. 0 at T4. 0. 90 at T6 and 0. 25 at T8 in the Software model group. Also, on comparing mean accuracy these three stages, the analysis of data showed the mean accuracy at T4 is 62. 5%, mean accuracy at T6 is 68. 8% and the mean accuracy at T8 is 78. 1%. Conclusions: The predicted software models do not accurately refl ect the patient’ s tooth position. There is an overestimation by predicted software as compared to the actual achieved tooth position. There is a need of overcorrection to be built in the treatment planning stage itself and execution of the anticipated end result.

Background: Among individuals who have a stenotic aortic valve, a precise ASSESSMENT of aortic valve area is essential for clinical judgment. So far, no studies have been conducted to investigate and assess the role of the three dimensional echo-cardiography in the ASSESSMENT of the valve stenosis. This study aims to compare and assess the precision of the measurement of the stenosis area of the aortic valve by 2D versus 3D echo-cardiography.Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Baghdad Medical City, Ministry of Health in Iraq from the 1st December 2021 to the 1st June 2022. Aortic valve area was calculated in a cross-sectional study by using transthoracic echo-Doppler, continuity equation, and 3D and 3D/2D planimetr.Results: 33 patients with aortic stenosis were examined. AVA analysis of correlation and absolute agreement revealed the agreement was high and the absolute differences were minimal across all planimetric methods: 3D vs. 3D/2D: 0.913 (0.829–0.957); 2D vs. 3D/2D: 0.747 (0.537–0.869). For AVA evaluation, the correlation coefficient r between 3D and 2D was (0.902) and (0.729), respectively. The observer variability was equal for all approaches, while the 3D inter-observer variability was higher than for 2D techniques (p = 0.036).Conclusion: The 3D/2D echo techniques for AVA planimetry agreed with the traditional 2D methodology and flow-derived methods. When compared with 2D AVA on the principle of continuity equation, the 3D approach was at least as excellent as the 2D method and had a greater repeatability. Using 3D Echo in the evaluation of aortic valve area is a not-invasive procedure leading to the AS quantitative ASSESSMENT that is accurate and reliable.