Pulse oximetry and oxygen saturation monitoring improve the medical care methods such as anesthesia and infants’ intensive care. Pulse oximetry method is basically more efficient than monitoring the fetal heartbeat since direct oxygen saturation measurement from fetal blood would be possible. The designing of device, including choice of an appropriate wavelength and space for monitoring, plays a significant role in improving its sensitivity to the depth and arterial pulse rate. This study simulates the interaction between light and tissue based on Monte Carlo’s method and uses the results to construct the pulse oximeter.Method: For this purpose, a 10-layered tissue model, with different sizes of thickness, including artery pulses of systole and diastole phases, has been considered. Also, this study focuses on the separation of information related to mother and fetus.Result: According to the best location of detectors and trial and error method, the optimal wavelengths of 675 and 800 nanometers have been achieved. Studying only the single effect of each one of (shot and electronic noises) on the model shows the significant difference between the percent of input oxygen saturation and outcome results. However, considering these noises simultaneously causes less difference. The simulation results are obtained in different wavelengths, using 106 photons and 49 detectors. The percentage of oxygen saturation, in comparison with the input database, has exhibited 2% error deviation from zero.

We tried to discuss the impact of early diagnosis on outcome of critical congenital heart diseases (CCHDs), current options, and their limitations in timely diagnosis, utility of pulse oximetry screening (POS), current recommendations for screening and challenges in resource constrained countries and to suggest further avenues to cover existing gaps. Evidence acquisition process was performed on the PubMed database and Google scholar for every available article in peer reviewed journals. Prevalence of congenital heart disease (CHD) at birth is estimated to be 8/1, 000 live births. About 25% of CHDs are life threatening CCHDs. The current guidelines for POS recommend that all neonates in well newborn nurseries should preferably be screened after 24 h of life. A screen is taken to be positive, “ out of range” or a fail if oxygen saturation is (i) <90%, (ii) <95% in right hand and one foot after three measurements (each taken 1 h apart), or iii) difference of >3% in preductal and postductal saturations after three measurements (each separated by 1 h). POS has a specificity of 99. 9% for the detection of CCHDs. It has a false positive rate of 0. 05% for the same. It is estimated that POS may be able to detect nearly 50%– 70% of infants born with undiagnosed CCHDss. Opportunity and feasibility for POS is higher in the sick nursery even in the resource constrained setting where most of the well nurseries may not have availability of pulse oximeter, echocardiography and neonatal cardiothoracic surgery services. CCHDs can be detected early using POS which is a convenient, noninvasive and cost effective method. All necessary criteria required for inclusion to universal newborn screening panel are fulfilled by POS. The current POS guidelines are for asymptomatic newborns in well newborn nurseries. Evidence based guidelines are still lacking for screening infants in neonatal intensive care settings. We also propose here a protocol for POS in the neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Today, there is a growing number of monitoring Equipment accessible. These equipments ranging invasive to non-invasive. Choosing suitable monitoring methods depends on their benefits, drawbacks, and expenses. Overall, non-invasive brain monitoring is growing in importance because of its precision in performance and increased stability in output. Like the assessment of regional brain oxygen levels and the assessment of anesthesia depth using the BIS device, whose specific role in guidelines remains undefined. Many patients who undergo heart surgeries including valvular, dissection and CABG have various comorbidities. To add details, according to literatures about CVA 28% of patients had (Cerebrovascular Accident), 74% IHD (Ischemic Heart Disease), 82% HTN (Hypertension), 52% DM (Diabetes Mellitus), 61% Smoking History, 36% CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease) and 42% CHF (Congestive Heart Failure). Current study delves into the correlation of short-term complications after cardiac operations with cerebral oximetry alterations and the space under the curve (duration of rSo2 drop) to take the best advantages of cerebral oximetry for heart surgery in the future. This prospective observational study was conducted among 101 patients undergoing cardiac surgery at Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran between 2019 and 2020. Following admission to the operating room, standard monitoring of vital signs, including non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP), electrocardiogram (ECG), central venous pressure (CVP), oxygen saturation (SpO2), and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), was established. Prior to anesthesia induction, cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) was continuously monitored using the INVOS 5100c cerebral oximeter. Patients were followed for 7 days postoperatively, with documentation of intubation duration, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and complications such as renal failure, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), and mortality. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0 statistical software, with a P of less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. This study investigated rSO2 levels, as measured by a cerebral oximeter, in patients aged 19 to 79 undergoing cardiac surgery. Data were collected from both the right and left sides of the forehead during the operative period. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of rSO2 monitoring during cardiac surgery, particularly in patients with underlying cardiovascular conditions. Further research is needed to elucidate the specific mechanisms underlying these observations and to explore potential strategies for optimizing cerebral oxygenation in this vulnerable patient population.

Mouth breathing might not always result in hypoxia, but can contribute to it. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of mouth breathing on hypoxia. Based on a pilot study, 323 patients with mouth breathing were selected. Assessment of mouth breathing was based on clinical examination and questionnaires filled out by patients and their companions. The patients were also examined for further oral findings that could be attributable to mouth breathing. Oxygen saturation of each case was measured by means of a pulse oximetry device. The level of 95% saturation was set as the limit, under which the patient was considered hypoxemic. Acquired data was analyzed for descriptive data and frequency and also by means of the Chi-square and Spearman’s correlation coefficient tests. 34.6% of the cases had normal O2 saturation. 65.4% of cases were hypoxemic (saturation level was below 95% in 42.8% and 95% in 22.6%). Most of the mouth breathing patients were male who were also more hypoxemic. A weak inverse relationship existed between the age of the patients and Oxygen saturation. Deep palatal vaults (29.4%) and gingival hyperplasia (29.2%) were the most frequent intraoral findings. Concerning the effects of hypoxia on body systems, the use of pulse oximetry in suspected mouth breathing patients could be recommended in routine oral and dental examinations.