Translated by Murtada Kariminia The author of the present paper tries to investigate the Origin of Isnad in Islamic sources and find out the reason for mentioning the chain of reporters in biographies and history books. To him Isnad and chain of reporters in Islamic tradition is Originated from the Jewish texts. Presenting his evidences he tries to prove his claim.

Background and purpose: Fever of unknown Origin is a frequent disorder in pediatric age.The aim of this study was to determine the causes of fever of unknown Origin and; to evaluate diagnostic tests.Materials and Methods: Cases were identified by reviewing the medical records of all patients with FUO which were admitted in three medical centers in Tehran during March 1994- 99.Results: Infection was the most frequent cause of fever of unknown Origin. Neoplastic disorders occurred in children older than one year. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed in 71 patients (61%) and was helpful in diagnosis of 15% of the cases.Conclusion: The improvement in diagnostic procedures has conditioned a change of spectrum of the diseases. In most cases the etiological diagnosis can be made with a limited number of laboratory and/ or imaging investigations bases upon a careful clinical evaluation.

Marketing new findings demonstrate that country of Origin has an important role in costumer behavior as marketing mix 5thP. On the other hand, if the costumer knows about the brand country of Origin, the perceived image of country of Origin have effects on costumers concept of trademarks related to the producer country.These evidences show that one of the major objects in international marketing comes from above subjects. So the basic subject of research is: What is the relationship between brand country of Origin knowledge and country of Origin image and how much is it? According to that the franchise is one of the common strategies for entering to emerging markets; the research variables in these contracts were studied. Basic variables of research include: Brand country of Origin knowledge, country of Origin image, brand country of Origin knowledge competitive product, country of Origin familiarity, and demographic factors like education level, income level, aboard traveling history, and free zone traveling history.For this purpose, sampling and questionnaire in metropolitan Iranian families and to analysis of gathered data were done.Results of current research show that there is a direct relationship between brand of country of Origin knowledge and country of Origin image. Also there are direct relationship between brand country of Origin knowledge and brand country of Origin knowledge of competitive product, country of Origin familiarity, and income level. In spite of other researches findings, there is no relationship between brand country of Origin knowledge and education level, aboard travel history, and free zone travel history.

Objective: The ultimate goal of regenerative medicine is to replace lost or damaged cells. Humans have a limited capacity to regenerate and restore their tissues and organs (such as blood and the liver). The use of stem cells to replace or repair damaged cells and tissues is considered, but the plasticity of adult stem cells is controversial and on the other hand these cells are a rare population with restricted potential to differentiate. Also the use of these cells is limited because paucity of specific markers, difficult propagation in culture and requiring a long period of the time until sufficient cells are obtained. Recent studies show that peripheral blood monocytes have stem cell-like features. We evaluated the potential of dedifferentiation and proliferation capacity of human peripheral blood monocytes in the presence of IL-3 and M-CSF to convert into programmed cell monocyte Origin (PCMO).Materials and Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated by using Ficoll/Hypaque. Then monocyte isolated by plastic adherence technique. The Monocytes were cultured with M-CSF and IL-3 for 6 days. Then morphology, phenotype and proliferation of PCMOs by Light microscopy, Immunocytochimestry- Flowcytometry and MTT assay respectively were analyzed. Results: We found that the monocyte in the presence of IL-3 and M-CSF cells became confluent, which was the result of both an increase in cell size and proliferation. Phenotype analyses, performed at 6th, indicated that CD45, CD34, CD177, CD15 were up-regulated after 6 days and other markers (CD68, CD1a, CD14) remained low.Conclusion: We conclude that the monocyte dedifferentiated, proliferated and become reprogrammable in the presence of IL-3 and M-CSF. These cells can be re differentiate or even switch to another cell type for use in regenerative medicine.