The linkage between sustainable agriculture, poverty and agricultural extension efforts and their impacts on rural centers in Behbahan Shahrestan has been discussed in this paper. Data were collected from 200 farmers in 40 villages of this Shahrestan. A multi-stage stratified random sampling technique was used for selecting villages and farmers. The findings of PATH analysis in three different causal models provide the complexity of relationships between variables and environmental degradation so that there is a causal relationship between poverty and unsustainability. Lack of direct causal effect of use of technology and extension efforts on sustainability in three models indicated the structural and institutional limitations of extension in diffusion of appropriate technologies. Finally, recommendations regarding regional planning with respect to socio-economic characteristics and changing from TOT approach to other alternatives and revising the education programs of extension agents are provided.

Purpose: Resilience in start-ups is a challenging issue that has caught the attention of policymakers and business owners. The present study is an attempt to provide a model for designing the resilience model of start-up businesses as a PATH to the future of start-up businesses. Method: This research is practical in terms of purpose and from the perspective of data collection is a qualitative research that has been done by content analysis method. The data collection method is semi-structured interview. Interviews with participants continued until they reached the theoretical saturation point, which was achieved by conducting 15 interviews. Participants were selected by snowball and purposeful method and data analysis was done through three coding steps (open, axial, selective) with MAXQDA2020 software. Findings: Based on the research results, the components of "cognitive resilience, financial resilience, adaptive resilience" as well as the effective organizational factors of "precedent, drivers and boys and resilience consequences" were identified. In this research, foresight and futures studies were identified as the drivers of resilience of start-up businesses. Conclusion: Resilience enables businesses to respond effectively to the dynamic conditions of their environment and maximize their competencies through strategic foresight and as a result gain more value than their competitors in the field of business. In this regard, the integration of foresight in the process of business resilience can be suggested as a facilitator of drivers.

Objective(s): To evaluate the direct and indirect effects of different factors on fertility using the PATH analysis.Methods: Data were obtained from the research project ''Evaluating the effective elements on the tempo and quantum of fertility in Mazandaran Province in year 2000'', and by a questionnaire containing three sections (demographics, fertility data and family planning). This was a descriptive-analytic study and sampling was performed by a two-stage random procedure. A total of 1343 families were initially included in the study. The research targeted married women aged 10-54 years. We used PATH analysis to calculate the effect size and 95% confidence intervals for the following set of factors: mothers' age, mothers' education, duration of marriage, age at marriage, and mothers' age at her first pregnancy.Results: In total 1137 women participated in the study. The duration of marriage showed the strongest positive direct effect on fertility (r=0.428); the second strongest positive effect belonged to mothers' age (r=0.203). Mothers' education had the most powerful negative direct effect (r=-0.182). Mothers' age also had the strongest indirect effect (r=0.437), while mothers' education showed the greatest negative indirect effect (r=-0.153). All of the calculated effects were statistically significant (P-Value <0.001).Conclusion: This research illustrated the powerful effect of mothers' education on fertility. There is a potential for effective birth control through modification of factors that have a strong influence on fertility. It is difficult to change all of the factors at once, thus as a first step it might be better to concentrate on duration of marriage and mothers' education.

The Glide PATH altitude adjustment system is one of the tools of the landing navigation system (ILS) that helps the airplane to find its angle related to the runway by sending radio signals. It is done by sending two signals with a predetermined radiation pattern. The ratio of these two signals is used to find the elevation angle. The behavior of the electromagnetic wave sent from the system and its reflection from the ground causes the transmitted pattern to be distorted. This effect, known as the ground effect, is very important in transmitting antenna signals' accurate weight and phase shift. In this paper, the pattern of the transmitted pattern of the G/P system is modeled by considering the ground reflection, and several real systems are simulated.

Background & Objectives: Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the major causes of occupational disease in the work places.Prevention of these disorders requires assessment and improvement of working conditions by ergonomics techniques.This study aimed to assess ergonomic risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders construction worker using PATH.Material & Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study.Work status of 60 construction workers were evaluated using the PATH. Data analysis was performed by SPSS 16 statistical software and presented with general linear model and descriptive statics.Results: from three successive jobs of building Foundation, hard work and joinery have been selected. Labors age was 30.8±10.4 years and the average work experience was 10.6±5.6 years. The trunk posture in the work procedures of the study showed a statistically significant difference (p<0.001).Trunk and legs status assessment showed that neutral state labors make up about 50% of the time. In most jobs, about 80% of labors work in a neutral position and about 51% of labors did not bearing weight during their work.Conclusion: Further studies aimed at assessing job offers, ergonomic tools and design tools and teaching labors in proper lifting techniques can be effective in reducing musculoskeletal disorders.