In Islamic medicine “PHLEBOTOMY” was considered as a way to prevent and treat certain diseases and one of the old applications that had been accepted by most of Islamic physicians. During the translation movement, Islamic scholars translated some books into Arabic with content of PHLEBOTOMY and later wrote and published many books about that. PHLEBOTOMY as a term, in addition to medical usage has also found in Persian and Arabic poetry such as poems, proverbs and metonymies. PHLEBOTOMY was performed on all people either rich or poor; so as the kings and caliphs appropriated some special days in a year for that. This article illustrate the meanings and practices of PHLEBOTOMY, its advantages and disadvantages, caring during and after PHLEBOTOMY, appropriate places and time, the instrument used, the law and orders for bleeders based on Islamic jurisprudence and also historically consider the subject.

Background: PHLEBOTOMY has been used as a non-pharmacological treatment for different types of diseases, regarding the philosophy of humors in traditional medicines, such as Persian Medicine. However, according to the narrow-approved indications for PHLEBOTOMY in Western Medicine, we aimed to systematically summarize high-level of evidence on safety and efficacy of PHLEBOTOMY in treatment of human diseases. Methods: In this umbrella review, to identify meta-analysis studies of clinical trials on PHLEBOTOMY, four electronic databases, including PubMed, web of science, Scopus, and Cochran library were searched until Jun 18, 2022 with relevant keywords for ‘PHLEBOTOMY’ and ‘meta-analysis’ according to PRISMA guidelines and PICO questions. After excluding irrelevant studies, data on subject characteristics, method of intervention, and adverse events were extracted. To evaluate the quality of the methodology of the systematic reviews, AMSTAR2 scale was utilized. Results: From 327 identified studies, 7 full texts met the inclusion criteria, consisting of 56 clinical trials on 5648 subjects. These meta-analysis studies reported effects of PHLEBOTOMY on hypertension, acute gouty arthritis, skin disease (chronic urticaria and porphyria), and liver diseases (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic hepatitis C, and liver surgery). Our results showed significant improvements in different outcomes, while the most common adverse event was hematoma. Conclusion: The level of evidence on the efficacy and safety of PHLEBOTOMY in some specific health conditions was substantial; however, to investigate the efficacy and safety of PHLEBOTOMY in management of other health problems more clinical studies with high sample sizes are needed.

The density of biochemical factors of blood in wet cupping is statistically different from PHLEBOTOMY In summary we have cupped 40 volunteers and at the same time we sampled their venous blood. Then wet cupping and venous samples were sent to the lab for comparing blood triglyceride, cholesterol, sugar, urea, uric acid and creatinine factors. The results show that there are significant differences between the components of blood in PHLEBOTOMY in comparison with wet cupping. Wet cupping is generally different from PHLEBOTOMY so patients can not be advised to donate their blood instead of wet cupping just by this claim that wet cupping is an old method.

Background: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (C-JD) is a rare disorder characterized with rapidly progressive mental decline, myoclonic jerk and finally death. The transmissible pathogen for this disease is a proteinaceous infectious particle termed prion. The prion protein is encoded by a gene (designated as PRNP) on the short arm chromosome 20.This disorder is diagnosed based on clinical findings, course of disease, EEG, MRI and confirmed with brain biopsy.Case report: A 56- year- old woman presented with confusion, disorientation, hyper somnolence, psychiatric problems such as hallucination, progressive mental deterioration and myoclonic jerks. She had history of several times PHLEBOTOMY with traditional and non sterile methods in two past years. She had no past history of other disease. Her illness was diagnosed based on clinical findings, course of her illness, typical MRI, EEG and rule out other dementing disease. She died after one month.Conclusion: in any patients with psychiatric disorders, rapidly progressive mental deterioration and myoclonic jerks C-JD should be considered as an important diagnosis. Treatable dementing disease should be considered and ruled out at first. The significance of PHLEBOTOMY in C-JD has yet to be determined.

Background: Paraquat (PQ) intoxication manifests with pulmonary edema and fibrosis, heart failure, hepatic failure, and sometimes convulsions. In severe cases, the patients may die within the early hours. At best conditions, the conventional therapeutic methods can only save less than 50% of the victims of intentional PQ intoxication. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of new therapeutic approaches particularly PHLEBOTOMY in PQ intoxication.Methods: Five patients enrolled in the present pilot study. The conventional therapeutic method consisting of gastric lavage, diuresis techniques, corticosteroids, immuno-suppressors, and antioxidants were applied in association with new interventions including early hemo-dialysis and the use of new antioxidants, especially PHLEBOTOMY.Results: One of the six patients who survived was excluded from the study. Four of five patients (80%) who were admitted with positive urine PQ test and treated with the modified method, could survived and only one case expired despite the interventional treatment and care. The mean age of patients was 25.21±3.47 years. Patients drank on average 52 ml of concentrated PQ. During admission, the mean Hb concentration was 16.79±2.11 g/dl that reduced to 8.95±0.93 g/dl on the second day of hospitalization.Conclusion: PHLEBOTOMY causes fast circulation and remove toxin subjects. This study showed effect of phelebotomy and administration of antioxidants to treat PQ- intoxication. The new modified therapeutic method with PHLEBOTOMY surprisingly increased the survival rate up to 80%.

Nowadays, improvements in the today’s medical world with many advances achieved in different areas caused many incurable diseases to be cured or prevented. Since many of these developments have been based on utilization of chemical drugs, a large amount of side effects inevitably occurs. Therefore, the traditional methods and past views and experiences that guarantee safer human health have increasingly spread. Among these traditional methods, PHLEBOTOMY (bloodletting) is one of which with a special place in Iran's medical culture. Opponents and proponents of this approach have provided plenty of reasons for its accuracy or inaccuracy. However, reviewing its place on the human health system and as an issue with an important place throughout the medical history of our country will address the newer areas of access to the use of past experiences and consequently will enlighten newer researches on health system. The author of this paper has tried to show the place and the role of this ancient approach in the new researches and its effects on human health by reviewing the sources and references about the types and methods of blood cupping. Furthermore, reviewing those viewpoints can provide more opportunities for reflecting and reviewing the experts' viewpoints in this regard.

The traditional and Islamic medicine is based on bringing out the wasted and hazardous materials from the body. For this reason well known ancient physicians used to do PHLEBOTOMY, wet cupping, vomiting, administer laxatives, enema and various other methods. Fortunately, wet cupping is known as an effective method in prevention and treatment for numbers of diseases even by medical society nowadays and there are increasing numbers of physicians who use this method. The other method used, is PHLEBOTOMY that can be recommended on different regions of the body and each of them has a special therapeutic effect but has not become known as well as wet cupping. The routine PHLEBOTOMY is the "blood transfusion" in which only one of the body vessels is used and the aim is to donate blood but the traditional medical aspect of PHLEBOTOMY is something completely different, which is applied only for therapeutic reasons (established on special body vessels and taking out significant amount of blood that might be applied of the arms, legs, frontal region or even sublingual vessels etc.) This article presents the effects of PHLEBOTOMY and wet cupping in the treatment of some diseases. An opinion for treatment of 43 diseases described by an ancient philosopher and physician named Jorjani is also collected in this article. Jorjani used PHLEBOTOMY and wet cupping beside medical treatment to get better results. His comments on the effectiveness of wet cupping and its indications and timing are also mentioned in this article.

Background and Aim: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global health problem. Persian medical manuscripts recommended PHLEBOTOMY as a potent treatment for TBI. This study aimed to evaluate the possible effect of saphenous vein PHLEBOTOMY (SVP) on neuroinflammation after TBI. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were divided randomly into three main groups (n = 12): sham group, TBI group, and TBI+SVP group. Induction of trauma was made through a controlled cortical impactor (CCI) device and SVP treatment was applied 10 min after TBI. Then, neurological functions were evaluated 6 and 24 hours post-surgery. Furthermore, 6 hours after bloodletting inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers were measured in the rats' brains. Results: Therapeutic PHLEBOTOMY could improve neurological scores post-TBI. In addition, PHLEBOTOMY application significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, , IL-17, and TNF-α, ) and oxidative stress factors as shown by reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) and elevation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) with no significant effect on glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and nitric oxide (NO) in the brain 6 h after TBI. Conclusion: Finally, SVP possibly through its attenuation of neuroinflammation and free radicals, and also increased antioxidant activity in the rats' brains could ameliorate neurological impairment following TBI.

False Aneurysms are uncommon in the pediatric population. We report a case of false aneurysm of the common femoral artery (CFA) after accidental arterial puncture, during a PHLEBOTOMY for blood sample. The lesion was surgically resected and arterial continuity restored by end to end anastomosis. The postoperative course was uneventful.

The Der’al-Sihhah (written in 1683 CE) by Mohammad-Hashem Tabib-e Tehrani, is a Persian work on the subject of PHLEBOTOMY and bloodletting of which three editions are available: one edited by Mir Hashem Mohaddes and published by the Pazhuhesh-gah-e Olum-e Ensani, in 2011; the second is a text that was edited by Mohammad Moshtari and Sina Chavushi and published first in the periodical Payam-e Baharestan (2012 CE.), and a second time with the financial support of the Safir-e Ardehal Publishers; the third edition was undertaken by Hamidollh Afrasiyabiyn that was published by the Shahed University in collaboration with the Alma’i publishers in 2014 CE.With the countless errors it suffers from, the Safir-e Ardehal edition is hardly worth the name of tashih (literally “correction”). In comparison with that of Mohaddes, Afrasiyabiyan’s edition is somewhat more polished up and furnished with more detailed glosses. Nonetheless, it has not turned out so refined as it should have.In this critique, for reasons that will follow, we set the Mohaddes edition as our basis and show a number of the incorrect recorded variants and readings in the other two editions.