Objective Root structure modification is associated with the efficient water uptake and the nutrient utilization. It also provides structural support for the anchoring in soil. Genetic engineering for the improvement of plant root structure may help to maintain higher yields under drought conditions. The aim of this study was to modify the root structure of rice in order to improve drought tolerance and the efficiency of nutrient uptake. For this purpose, simultaneous transformation of Deeper Rooting1 or OsDRO1 gene, which is involved in the regulation of growth angle of the root in order to adapt to drought conditions, and PHOSPHORUS-Starvation Tolerance1 or OsPSTOL1 gene, which is effective in increasing PHOSPHORUS uptake and improving root structure, were considered for rice root structure modification. Materials and methods The OsDRO1 and OsPSTOL1 genes derived from the wild rice cultivars were cloned together in a single construct under the control of the root specific and the ubiquitin promoters, respectively. The resulting construct, pUhrDroPstol is transformed into the Agrobacterium tumefactions strain EHA105 and used for the gene transformation into Hashemi cultivar. Putative transgenic plants, survived on 50 mg/L Hygromycin during tissue culture steps, are transplanted into the Yoshida solution and then into the pots until they set seeds. Construct specific and gene specific PCR analysis are used to confirm the transgenic plants. Results In this study, 12 putative transgenic rice events were obtained, of which 10 showed the presence of both OsDRO1 and OsPSTOL1 genes in the PCR analysis. Transgenic plants show stronger root structure compared to the non-transgenic ones. Molecular analysis in the T1 and T2 generations determined the homozygous events. Conclusions In this study, two candidate genes affecting root structure, nutrient uptake and drought tolerance were transferred to the Hashemi rice using genetic engineering. So far, simultaneous transfer of these two candidate genes have not been reported. Transgenic plants present better root system compared to the control plants. The mentioned construct can be used for the transformation of other crops to improve their root structure, nutrient uptake and their drought tolerance. It is hoped that the production of the transgenic rice with modified root structure and efficient PHOSPHORUS uptake increases its drought tolerance and reduce water consumption in rice cultivation.

Introduction: Sugarcane cultivation has been revived in Khuzestan province of Iran since the 1960s and due to good results, it gradually began to grow from north to south of this region. Currently, sugarcane is cultivated in more than 100, 000 hectares of the provinceand almost 25% of the country needs for sugar arebeing produced in this region. Sugarcane fields of Khuzestan province are mainly rich in lime percentage and poor in organic matter and PHOSPHORUS. Soil pH in this region of the country also is about 8-8. 5 and PHOSPHORUS uptake by plants and PHOSPHORUS fertilizer efficiency in these soils (alkaline and calcareous soils) are expected to be low. The optimum use of PHOSPHORUS fertilizer and proper PHOSPHORUS uptake is essential for the quantitative and qualitative function of sugarcane plants. Due to the very low mobility of PHOSPHORUS in the soil, its uptake by plants such as sugar cane is affected by number of soil and plant factors (especially plant root characteristics). Changes in these factors can lead to a reduction or increase of P uptake by the crop. Materials and Methods: Because of the role of organic compounds in the improvement of mobility and PHOSPHORUS uptake, the use of organic material has been considered in many types of research. Organic compounds can play a direct and indirect role in plant factors and in phosphorous uptake improvement. In this regard, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted in 2016-2017 at Farabi Agro Industry Co, 35 km south of Ahvaz, Iran (48º 36' E, 30º 59' N). This research carried out by using three levels of humic acid (immersion of settes in three concentrations of 0, 0. 3 and 0. 5% of humic acid) as well as three levels of PHOSPHORUS fertilizer (triple super phosphate) 0, 50 % and 100% of the recommended amount in the region (250 kg/ha) in two different harvesting periods (45 and 90 days after planting). The experiment set up as a factorial, based on complete randomized design with three replicates. In this experiment, the effects of different levels of phosphorous fertilizers and humic acid on aerial part (shoot height, shoot dry weight), underground part (root length, root dry weight and root hair length), and also root CEC of sugar cane plant in two harvest times were studied. Finally, uptake and influx of PHOSPHORUS in different treatments were investigated. Results and Discussion: As the results show, although the range of the changes was different, the use of humic acid can improve almost all of these factors. Shoot height, shoot dry weight in humic acid treatments showed a significant increase in both harvests compared to non-used humic acid treatments and also in PHOSPHORUS fertilizer treatments as the fertilizer levels rose. These results show that humic acid can increase the uptake of PHOSPHORUS from the soil reservoir (treatments without PHOSPHORUS fertilizer) and source of soil and PHOSPHORUS fertilizer (PHOSPHORUS fertilizer treatments). The underground plant parts have also shown similar results. Root length and root dry weights have also been shown positive results in humic acid treatments. Therefore, an increase in PHOSPHORUS uptake in nonuse phosphorous fertilizer treatments or phosphorous fertilizer treatments, along with humic acid, relative to nonhumic acid treatments could be explained. The humic acid application seems to increase the uptake capacity of PHOSPHORUS from soil and fertilizer sources by increasing root length and root dry weight. In addition, the use of humic acid in alkaline soil can increase the solubility of PHOSPHORUS in water and therefore the PHOSPHORUS uptake by the roots of the plant could be increased. Based on the results, using humic acid due to improved PHOSPHORUS fertilizer use efficiency, phosphorous uptake by plant is expected to be increased and hence the fertilizer use would be reduced. PHOSPHORUS influx results had not the same direction with uptake and application of PHOSPHORUS fertilizer. P influx results showed an inverse relationship with root length. In other words, PHOSPHORUS uptake was more dependent on the root growth. Conclusion: This study showed that it is possible to use humic acid in the practical form during the cultivating of sugarcane setts, but it seems that further research is needed to examine other important points such as the use of humic acid during plant growth season and other its application forms, such as spraying or application in irrigation water.

In this work the reaction of the compounds PHOSPHORUS Trichloride, PHOSPHORUS Pentachloride and Phosphory1 chloride with Hydroquinon were studied and the structure of the obtained compounds: (p-HOC6H4O) pcl2, (C6H4) (Opcl4)2, (p-HOC6H4) p(O)cl2 characterized and approved by 1H-,31C-31p- NMR and IR spectroscopy and CHN elemental analysis.

PHOSPHORUS adsorption in soils is one of the most important processes that determine its availability to plants. Many studies have revealed that PHOSPHORUS fertilizer recommendation can be improved based on soil adsorption properties. PHOSPHORUS adsorption isotherms were constructed for different soils under wheat crop. The sorption curves were used as a basis for fertilizing soils in pots suchthat phosphate in soil solutions varied from about 0.075 to 1.2 mgl-1. Wheat was grown for 6 weeks. Adsorption data were successfully described usingFreundlich and Van Huay sorption models (R2= 0.927-0.997 and R2=0.949-0.999 for Ferundlich and Van Huay models, respectively). In most soils, yield approached more than 85% of the maximum when phosphate in the soil solution was adjusted to 0.3 mgl-1.The standard PHOSPHORUS requirement varied from 19 to 157 mgkg-1. There was linear relation between added P and bicarbonate- extractable P (Olsen P) in all soils (R2=0.96-0.99, andmean of0.98) and the slope of this linear equation (by plotting added P against Olsen P) varied from 0.23 to 0.47 with 0.38 as an average. The recovery of PHOSPHORUS varied from 12 to 50% with 37% as an average. This means that 63% of the added P was unavailable. There was no significant difference between the mean recoveries in the different treatments. The PHOSPHORUS critical level for sodium bicarbonate extractant (Olsen P) based on was determined at 13 mg P kg-1 soil.

Introduction PHOSPHORUS (P) is the second nutrient and plays a key role in plant growth. The availability of P in the soil depends on the P fractions, which influence the primary productivity of agricultural ecosystems. Having sufficient and accurate information about soil mineral PHOSPHORUS is very important for the development of sustainable agriculture in arid regions. Awareness of PHOSPHORUS deformation in different soils is also very important for PHOSPHORUS fertilizer recommendation. When PHOSPHORUS is used in its soluble forms, it is rapidly converted into unusable forms for the plant. Native soil PHOSPHORUS is often in unusable form for the plant. Therefore, having enough information about PHOSPHORUS deformation in different soils is very important to recommend PHOSPHORUS fertilizer. The objective of this study was to find out the effects of long-term use of different sources of PHOSPHORUS on available P for pistachio plants in southeast Iran.Materials and Methods The aim of this study was to find the effects of long-term use of different sources of PHOSPHORUS fertilizers that can be used for pistachio plants. For that, 168 different soil samples from 63000 ha of Sirjan pistachio orchards of Kerman province. Jiang and Gu method was used to isolate and determine the mineral forms of PHOSPHORUS in the soil. Each P fraction was extracted as follows: 1g (oven-dry weight) of sample soil weighed out into a 50 mL polyethylene centrifuge tube. A volume of 40 mL of the first extractant, NaHCO3 (Table 1) was added and placed in an automated mechanical shaker at 25° C with 110 rpm for 1 h to allow time for the solution top equilibrate. The tubes were then centrifuged at 6000 × g for 15 min and the supernatant was carefully filtered through Whatman No. 42 with minimum loss of soil. Reactive P in the supernatant was determined using the ascorbic acid method at 882 nm. This method separates PHOSPHORUS in the forms of di calcium phosphate, octa calcium phosphate, aluminum phosphates, iron phosphates, occluded phosphates and apatite. The data showed that Ca10-P was the most abundant P forms in the soils tested. Results and Discussion Results showed that the total P was high in these soil samples and the abundance of P fractions was in order to Ca10-P type≥ Al-P >Ca2-P type> Occluded P ≥ Fe-P > Ca8-P type in two depths. These results suggested that continuous P application leads to plant available P convert into unavailable P forms such as Ca10-P. results indicate that NaOH-extractable P has resulted from active Fe oxides. Also, by comparing two depths of soil in the study area, it can be concluded that the occupied PHOSPHORUS in the surface layer is more than the deep layer. Finally, it can be concluded that by increasing the stability of various forms of PHOSPHORUS, their contribution to other forms of PHOSPHORUS increases, so that the concentration of apatite is much higher than phosphate-calcium phosphate. Results showed the amount of available PHOSPHORUS (Ca2-P) in the surface layer is more than the deep layer, which can be attributed to surface application of PHOSPHORUS fertilizers. However, there are sections where PHOSPHORUS in the surface layer and the bottom is almost equal. Amount of this form of P is less than Al-P and Fe-P. It may be due to increase in Al and Fe contents in in calcareous soils.Conclusion High amounts of total P clarifies that by optimally managing the use of PHOSPHORUS fertilizers and soil conditions, the required P of the plant can be provided without additional use. From the results reported in this study, it appears that in the calcareous soils tested, the abundance of different forms of P was in order Ca10-P type≥ Al-P >Ca2-P type> Occluded P ≥ Fe-P > Ca8-P. furthermore, it observed that Fe-P, Al-P and Oc-P are important forms of P and on average constitute 30% of the sum of inorganic P forms. These findings demonstrate that the ability of NaOH to extract Al-P will be reduced with an increase in Al-P content and that NaOH is unable to remove Al-P completely. Therefore, it seems that more research is needed to find some light on whether NH4F can be omitted from the regular P fractionation schemes in the highly calcareous soils of Iran.

To determine the effect of application of PHOSPHORUS (P) and organic matter on soil-plant P relationship at different growth stages of spinach, an experiment was conducted at greenhouse conditions. Treatments consisted of two levels of organic matter (0 and 2% of sheep manure) and three levels of P as Ca (H2PO4)2 (0, 20 and 60 mg P kg-1soil). Soil and plant samples were collected at five growth stages (the first sampling was in the fourth week after emergence, and the other samplings were each one week after the first sampling). The results showed that crop yield increased with the increase of soil P at all growth stages, whereas it had no significant effect on plant P content. In the 4th week of growth, plant P increased with an increase of soil P, and it remained relatively unchanged in the 5th week. But it decreased significantly in the 6th to 8th week. Concentration of plant nutrients depends not only on soil nutrients concentration but also on plant age and availability of other nutrients. In some stages of the plant growth, the growth rate might be too fast such that total uptake of the nutrients is not enough to maintain the necessary concentration. Plants required adequate P at early growth stages for optimum growth. PHOSPHORUS uptake was increased with plant growth in all samples. Soil P content was higher in all organic matter treatments (especially in the 6th week after emergence). PHOSPHORUS uptake in samples with organic matter, and no addition of P, was more than the samples which received P. This might be due to mineralization of organic P added to the soil.

One of the main reasons for the low yield of biofertilizers in fish ponds is the use of insoluble mineral PHOSPHORUS sources (often tri-calcium phosphate) during the process of isolation and evaluation of PHOSPHORUS-releasing microorganisms. A large part of insoluble PHOSPHORUS (50 to 90%) in warm water fish ponds is insoluble organic PHOSPHORUS. Therefore, it seems PHOSPHORUS-releasing microorganisms isolated solely from mineral PHOSPHORUS sources can not be effective as biofertilizers in warm water fish ponds. The aim of this study was to isolate PHOSPHORUS-releasing bacteria from warm water fish ponds using NBRIP medium containing organic PHOSPHORUS source (calcium phytate) and compare their performance with bacteria derived from insoluble mineral PHOSPHORUS source (tri-calcium phosphate) in microcosm conditions (Erlenmeyer contains sediment: conditions similar to a fish pond). The PHOSPHORUS release ability of isolates (33 organic isolates and 19 inorganic isolates) was evaluated in NBRIP solid and liquid medium. The range of soluble PHOSPHORUS in the liquid medium containing calcium phytate varied between 57. 40-141. 93 and 108. 16-219. 49 mg/l in the medium containing tricalcium phosphate. In the final step, evaluation of isolates in sediment microcosm showed that three isolates from organic PHOSPHORUS source (3P, 13P, and 2P) were the best PHOSPHORUS release isolates (with 11. 86, 12. 53, and 28. 18 mg / l respectively) and had better performance compared to isolates from mineral PHOSPHORUS source. Molecular identification showed these isolates belonged to priestia aryabhattai, Bacillus zanthoxyli, and Acinetobacter johnsonii. Due to the pathogenic potential of A. johnsonii for fish and humans, the Bacillaceae family strains can be considered candidates for use in biofertilizers for further evaluation.

PHOSPHORUS (P) ore is an expensive and limited resource that will be depleted in a few decades if the current global consumption rate continues. Japan, one of the most developed countries in the world, relies completely on imported phosphate rock for P. Potassium (K) ore, which is equally important for continuous development, is also becoming increasingly expensive. The recovery of P and K is therefore important for continuous and sustainable development.In this study, concentrated P (obtained from eluent) and K (obtained through alkali leaching of rice straw charcoal) were recovered as potassium magnesium phosphate (PMP) through the controlled addition of magnesium (Mg). A PMP crystal was produced when an equimolar (with respect to P) Mg solution was added to the leaching solution (rich in P and K) at a pH range of 11-12. Thus, the production of PMP in a crystalline form demonstrates the huge scope for the recycling of limited resources.

PHOSPHORUS (P) ore is an expensive and limited resource that will be depleted in a few decades if the current global consumption rate continues. Japan, one of the most developed countries in the world, relies completely on imported phosphate rock for P. Potassium (K) ore, which is equally important for continuous development, is also becoming increasingly expensive. The recovery of P and K is therefore important for continuous and sustainable development. In this study, concentrated P (obtained from eluent) and K (obtained through alkali leaching of rice straw charcoal) were recovered as potassium magnesium phosphate (PMP) through the controlled addition of magnesium (Mg). A PMP crystal was produced when an equimolar (with respect to P) Mg solution was added to the leaching solution (rich in P and K) at a pH range of 11-12. Thus, the production of PMP in a crystalline form demonstrates the huge scope for the recycling of limited resources.

Determination of forms of soil PHOSPHORUS (P) is important in the evaluation of soil P status. Amount and distributions of soil organic and inorganic P - fractions were examind in 53 soil samples of Hamedan province. Soils were sequentially extracted to determine organic and inorganic P fractions. Inorganic P was divided in to 6 fractions: Dicalcium phosphate (Ca2-P), Octacalcium phosphate (Ca8-P), Apatit (Ca10-P),P absorbed by Al oxides (AI-P), P absorbed by Fe oxides (Fe-P) and Occluded P ( O-P). The results showed that wide range in content of P fraction. The amount of total P (TP) ranged from 926 to 2686 mg kg-1 with an average of 1533 mg kg-1 soil. Calcium phosphate (Ca2-P+ Ca8-P + Ca10-P) ranged from 104 to 1872 mg kg-1 with an average of 801 mg kg-1 soil and being comprised of 78.5 and 52.3% inorganic and total P respectively. The amount of Fe-P ranged from 1 to 185 mg kg-1 with an average of 59 mg kg-1 soil and being comprised of 5.8 and 3.8% inorganic and total P respectively. The amount of AI-P ranged from 4.6 to 523 mg kg-1 with an average of 128 mg kg-1 soil and being comprised of 12.5 and 8.3% inorganic and total P respectively. The amount of O-P ranged from 0.0 to 371 mg kg-1 with an average of 33 mg kg-1 soil and being comprised of 3.2 and 2.2% inorganic and total P respectively. The amount of organic P ranged from 75 to 676 mg kg-1 with an average of 277 mg kg-1 soil and being comprised of 18.1% total P. The results of correlation study showed that available P (P extracted by Olsen method) was significantly correlated with Ca2-P, Ca8-P, AI-P, Calcium phosphate (Ca2-P + Ca8-P+ Ca10-P) and (Aluminum, Iron oxide: AI-Fe-P), This result indicate that these fractions probably can be used by plant.