Background. This study was conducted to investigate root canal overfilling with different material placement techniques in primary teeth. Methods. A systematic search was undertaken by searching PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus for English language peer-reviewed articles published until February 2018 that reported primary tooth PULPECTOMY overfilling. Two reviewers independently screened and identified studies in terms of the selection criteria and independently collected the data using a specially designed data extraction form. The overfilling rate was the primary summary measure. The weighted pooled overfilling rates were estimated by random-effects meta-analysis. Results. Twenty clinical and four in vitro studies met the eligibility criteria. In the clinical studies, the pooled overfilling rate for zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) was 23. 3% with a lentulo spiral mounted on a handpiece, 22. 7% with a hand-held lentulo spiral, and 17% with a plugger. The pooled overfilling rate for calcium hydroxide-based materials was 16. 7% with a lentulo spiral mounted on a handpiece, 14. 7% with a hand-held lentulo spiral, 19. 6% with a syringe, and 25. 7% with a plugger. In the in vitro studies, neither individual overfilling rates nor two-by-two comparisons were subjected to meta-analysis because of an inadequate number of studies. Conclusion. The lowest overfilling rate in the clinical studies was related to plugger and handheld lentulo spiral techniques for ZOE and calcium hydroxide-based materials, respectively.

Objectives: Successful root treatment depends on elimination of microorganisms from the root canal. Considering incomplete removal of bacteria from the canal by usual methods, lasers have been suggested as a new modality. Despite their anti-bacterial properties, lasers can cause thermal changes. This study assessed the thermal changes of root surface in PULPECTOMY of primary teeth following the use of Er: YAG laser. Materials and Methods: Sixty primary anterior teeth were collected and prepared by K-file up to number 50. Then, they were randomly divided into two groups and were irradiated with Er: YAG laser. The first group was irradiated with 1 W laser and the second group with 1. 5 W laser. The laser irradiation time was two 10-second cycles with a 2-second interval in both groups. Thermal changes were measured by a thermometer in the apical and coronal areas per second. The results were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA considering the laser power as between-subject variable. Results: There was a temperature increase in the coronal and apical areas in use of 1 W power. There was a temperature rise in the coronal and apical areas in use of 1. 5 W power. The temperature rise in the apical third was more than that in the coronal third; also, the average temperature rise was more in use of 1. 5 W power than 1 W power. Conclusions: As the average temperature increase was not more than 7° C in any group, this type of laser seems to be suitable for root treatment of primary anterior teeth.

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of acetaminophen and ibuprofen on pulpal anaesthesia immediately after PULPECTOMY of primary maxillary molars. Methods and Materials: In this placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial, 60 children (aged 5 to 9) were referred to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Yazd Dental School; for primary maxillary molar PULPECTOMY. Local anaesthesia and analgesic drugs were used for the pre-operative stage. A five-face scale was considered to evaluate pain reaction during the pulp therapy. Pain scores were determined when the dental procedure was complete. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were finally used at the confidence level of 95%. Results: Use of analgesics before PULPECTOMY in children can reduce pain score compared to placebo group (P<0. 001) and increase the effectiveness of pulpal anesthesia. Additionally, ibuprofen exhibited lower pain scores compared to acetaminophen although the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Pre-operative use of ibuprofen and acetaminophen might be a useful way to achieve analgesia during PULPECTOMY of primary maxillary molars in children.

Introduction: During PULPECTOMY of primary teeth, cytotoxic medicaments such as formocresol or camphor mono-chlorophenol (CMCP) are used as medicaments. For the first time it is theorized that chitosan can substitute these traditional materials used in PULPECTOMY of infectious primary teeth. Methods and Materials: This preliminary in vitro study consisted of two separate phases (n=75), each of which assessed the antibacterial effects of chitosan versus formocresol and CMCP and positive/negative controls (n=15) on three bacteria types [Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, (n=5 per subgroup)]. Phases 1 and 2 concerned respectively with 1-and 7-day effects of these materials. Bacteria were cultured and injected into sterilized canals and colonies were counted. Medicaments were applied and colonies were re-counted after 1 day of treatment (phase 1). Specimens were re-sterilized and re-randomized, and used for phase 2, in which the same procedures were performed for a 7-day period. Effects of agents on bacteria were analyzed statistically (Kruskal-Wallis α =0. 05 and Mann-Whitney α =0. 017). Results: Treatments reduced bacterial count either after 1 or 7 days (P=0. 000). Their effects on different bacteria types were not significant either after 1 or 7 days (P>0. 48). Antibacterial efficacies of treatments (indicated by colony reduction) were significantly different, after 7 days (P=0. 045). Antibacterial efficacy of chitosan was similar to that of formocresol or CMCP, in both phases [either after 1 or 7 days of treatment (P>0. 017). Formocresol and CMCP had similar efficacies in either phase (P>0. 017). Conclusions: This preliminary study confirmed the appropriate antibacterial efficacy of chitosan as a medicament in PULPECTOMY of infectious primary teeth.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare post-operative pain following one-visit PULPECTOMY and placing stainless steel crown (SSC), with two-visit treatment (performing PULPECTOMY at the first visit followed by placing SSC at the next visit one week later) in vital pulp of primary molars with carious involvement. Methods and Materials: In this randomized clinical trial, 100 children aged 6-12 years with a carious primary molar tooth in need of PULPECTOMY were randomly divided into two groups of 50 each. In one-visit group, PULPECTOMY and placement of SSC were carried out at the same appointment. In two-visit group, PULPECTOMY of root canals was carried out at the first visit and placement of SSC was performed at the second visit one week after the first appointment. Post-operative pain was recorded using visual analogue scale (VAS) during one week after each treatment visit. Results: No significant difference was found in the mean age and gender distribution between the two groups (P˃ 0. 05 for both comparisons). Findings revealed that in the two-visit (PULPECTOMY) group during first three days and 4-7 days after the first treatment appointment, pain felt by the children was significantly lower than that felt by the one-visit group at the same time period (P˂ 0. 0001 for both comparisons). Moreover, children in two-visit (PULPECTOMY) group consumed significantly lower amount of analgesics than those in the one-visit group (P<0. 0001). Conclusion: No significant difference was found between pain felt by children during the first three days following one-visit PULPECTOMY and placement of SSC at the same appointment. Therefore, one-visit treatment of vital primary tooth is recommended.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical and radiographic success rates of 3Mixtatin and Modified 3Mix‑, MP paste and compare it with conventional root canal treatment procedure in primary molars requiring PULPECTOMY. Materials and Methods: In this in vivo study, 66 primary molars in 52 children aged between 4 and 8 years with primary molars having chronic periapical abscess were treated randomly with 3Mixtatin, Modified 3Mix‑, MP paste, and Metapex. The subjects were reviewed at 6 and 12 months both clinically and radiographically after pulpal therapy to evaluate and compare the healing process. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis at a significance level of 0. 05. Results: By the end of 12‑, month follow‑, up among the three groups, Group I seemed to be performing consistently better as compared to the other two groups when evaluated clinically and radiographically. However, Group III resulted in the greatest number of failures, with success rate being mere 42. 9% at the end of follow‑, up period. Conclusion: Radiographic and clinical healing occurred in all the three groups,however, based on our results, Group I seemed to be performing consistently better among the three groups at 12‑, month follow‑, up. Hence, it can be inferred that 3Mixtatin used as a localized agent is effective and comparable to both Modified 3Mix‑, MP paste and conventional PULPECTOMY procedure involving calcium hydroxide and iodoform paste in primary teeth.