ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding factors affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find factors affecting travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which physical and non-physical characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which factors affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which factors affect travel behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of factors affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between physical and non-physical factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the factors affecting travel behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different physical development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in patterns of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the factors affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Familiarity with the patterns of a science or specialty provides the necessary ground for the membership of researchers in that field in scientific societies and makes it possible to use these patterns in specialized practices. Accordingly, people who are familiar with the principles and foundations of that science and have applied them, will rarely have disagreements and differences in actions in related topics. Therefore, people whose research is based on common patterns must follow the same scientific rules and standards. This commitment and consensus is a precondition and necessity for the development and continuation of any investigation in its related field and includes all investigations, especially criminal and crime detection investigations. In general, it can be acknowledged that active people in any profession need a roadmap to guide them in the right direction. The field of crime detection, as a police science and one of the branches of study of criminal sciences, certainly has principles and rules on which it is based, but it certainly did not have an organized style from the beginning, and unfortunately in this field compared to other sciences and despite the diversity of effective technical processes in it, researchers face a lack of theoretical principles and theories. Now, after many years, crime detection has recently had a roadmap, which without a doubt, by observing and implementing its principles, the scientific discovery of crime will be done in a structured and court-friendly manner. The present study seeks to enumerate and explain these principles and rules.

Background: Meningitis is one of the most disturbing infectious diseases due to mortality, morbidity and its ability to cause epidemic.Objectives: The current study aimed to detect and remove explainable patterns of fever and neurological symptoms as suspected meningitis occurred in Hamadan province, West of Iran.Materials and Methods: Monthly and daily data of suspected cases of meningitis of Iranian national surveillance system from 21st March 2010 to 20th March 2013 were used. explainable patterns of syndrome were identified using autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation functions, mean differences and nonparametric Mann-Kendall statistics. Besides moving average (MA) smoothing methods, Holt-Winters (HW) exponential smoothing and the Poisson regression model were used to remove such patterns.Results: The study findings indicated the presence of explainable patterns including day-of-the-week (DOW), weekend, holiday effects, seasonality and temporal trend in the syndromic data of fever and neurological symptoms. Overall, HW exponential and regression method had better performances to remove explainable patterns.Conclusions: Addressing and removing explainable patterns of syndromic data on meningitis is necessary to timely and accurately detection of meningitis epidemics. It was concluded that decomposition methods had better performance compared to the model based ones.

The study aims to gain a comprehensive view of the applications, goals and outcomes, typology and causes of each of the new approaches to adaptive policy making, policy making networks, and innovative policy making (innovative policy dissemination) through literature review. After the introduction of the stepwise process or cycle of public policymaking, there was much criticism of this approach and in recent years, new approaches have been introduced, including the dissemination of innovation, adaptive policymaking, and policymaking networks to cover the gaps of the step-by-step approach. The research through a structured review of 181 articles including 75 articles on adaptive approach, 57 articles on network approach and 49 articles on innovation approach reveals that these approaches have specific applications, goals, and areas, and are formed for a variety of contextual reasons. Therefore, none of these approaches can be used as a complete replacement for the stage approach and the use of these approaches must take into account contingent conditions, including the aims and results of the approach, the scope of the approach, and its applications.

Introduction: Prostitution means any sexual activities for money. Prostitutes may be male, female, or bisexual. The boundaries of sex work are vague. Sex work can be considered to range from erotic shows without a relationship with a client to unprotected and risky sex activities with many clients. Prostitutes all over the world are classified and categorized in different ways based on their different characteristics. This classification helps to better understand the status of prostitutes in societies. The classified description and knowledge provides the basis for explaining the phenomenon and then predicting its future developments and controlling. This research sought to answer the question of what the patterns of prostitution in Mashhad City were. Materials & Methods This research was carried out with the aim of discovering, identifying, and accurately describing the patterns of prostitution in Mashhad. It was done with a qualitative method through Weber's ideal sample approach to typology and typification of prostitution. For this purpose, in-depth interviews were conducted with prostitutes to analyze their lives. Through the similarities and differences of some components, we tried to show the different types of prostitution. The studied population included all the prostitutes of Mashhad City. Based on the principles governing the sampling method in a qualitative research, a number of them were selected and interviewed in a purposeful way with the greatest difference. The interview process continued until theoretical saturation was reached and finally 27 people were interviewed. The interviews were conducted in the welfare quarantine centers and health centers during 2020-2021. The interviews were conducted in a separate room without the presence of any officials or cameras and away from the crowd. Each interview took 2 to 4 hours. The interviews started with the participants’ narratives of their childhoods and families and continued until reaching the stage of becoming a prostitute. Several key questions were asked to identify the different types to satisfy the purpose of the study. The participants’ ages were between 14 and 49 years. Most of them had a diploma or were at lower educational levels and only two of them had bachelor's and master's degrees. Almost half of them were addicted to drugs. Most of the participants were divorced, but nearly a quarter of them were single. Discussion of results & conclusion In this research, in-depth interviews were conducted with 27 female prostitutes. During the interview process, attention was paid to some aspects of prostitution, such as the existence of financial and personal securities, stability of relationships with clients, number of clients, having a sense of pleasure during sex, having an emotional relationship, using contraceptives, performing tests regularly, having a sense of job satisfaction, having the right to choose clients, beauty practices, and ability to choose the desired type of sex. Previous investigations performed in various studies have referred to prostitution as a general concept and no attention has been paid to the various models that exist in this profession. According to the knowledge gained in this field, identification of the typology of prostitutes can better clarify the phenomenon due to the existence of different influential factors ways of continuation in each pattern of prostitution. Finally, based on these variables, there were 9 models of displaced, hangout, street, concubine, aunt-dependent, independent, single, network, and sugar prostitutions. Hangout, street independent, and aunt-dependent prostitutions have been the common models previously identified in previous studies. However, today, we can see newer models of prostitution called homeless, concubine, single, and sugar prostitutions, which are not mentioned in domestic research.