INTRODUCTION: CONDUCTING POLYMERS SUCH AS Polyaniline (PAN) AND POLYPYRROLE (PPY) HAVE BEEN RECENTLY STUDIED EXTENSIVELY BECAUSE OF REDOX REVERSIBILITY, GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL STABILITY AND ETC. PAN AROUSED A GREAT INTEREST DUE TO ITS LARGE FIELD OF APPLICATIONS SUCH AS SENSORS AND BIOSENSORS, BATTERIES AND ETC [1]. IN RECENT YEARS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLYMER/INORGANIC NANOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS HAVE BEEN RECEIVING SIGNIFICANT ATTENTION DUE TO VIDE RANG OF POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS IN OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES AND IN FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS.AMONG THE INORGANIC MATERIALS, SOME METAL OXIDES SUCH AS TIO2, ZNO, FE3O4, MNO2 AND NIO HAVE BEEN USED FOR SYNTHESIZED OF THE NANOCOMPOSITES WITH PAN [2].HERE WE REPORT ON THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SYNTHESIZE OF PAN IN THE PRESENCE OF TIO2, ZNO AND TIO2+ZNO SEMICONDUCTORS BY POTENTIAL CYCLING ON GOLD ELECTRODE. THE RESULTING POLYMER FILMS WERE CHARACTERIZED WITH IN SITU UV-VISIBLE AND EX SITU FTIR SPECTROSCOPY, SEM, TEM, AND IN SITU CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS.

Polyaniline (PANI) IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT CONDUCTING POLYMERS WHICH HAS BEEN STUDIED EXTENSIVELY FOR VARIOUS APPLICATIONS SUCH AS SENSORS, BATTERIES AND ETC. IN RECENT YEARS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF INORGANIC/POLYMER HYBRID MATERIALS HAVE BEEN RECEIVING SIGNIFICANT ATTENTION DUE TO A WIDE RANGE OF POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS IN OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES AND IN FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS. IN THIS REPORT, Polyaniline, Polyaniline/TITANIUM DIOXIDE, Polyaniline/ZINC OXIDE AND A NOVEL CONDUCTING POLYMER COMPOSITE, Polyaniline/TITANIUM DIOXIDE+ZINC OXIDE, IN H2SO4 MEDIUM ON GOLD ELECTRODE ARE ELECTROCHEMICALLY SYNTHESIZED BY POTENTIAL CYCLING, RESPECTIVELY. THE COMPOSITE FILMS WERE CHARACTERIZED BY CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY, FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRA RED (FT-IR) SPECTROSCOPY AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM) AND THE RESULTS WERE COMPARED WITH PANI FILMS. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CATHODIC AND ANODIC PEAKS OF THREE REDOX COUPLES WERE OBTAINED FOR POLYMERIC COMPOSITES FILMS. DURING CATHODIC AND ANODIC SCANS, THE SHIFT OF POTENTIALS WERE OBSERVED FOR POLYMER COMPOSITE FILMS. THE CHARACTERISTIC FT-IR PEAKS OF PANI WERE FOUND TO SHIFT TO HIGHER WAVE NUMBER IN COMPOSITE FILMS. THESE OBSERVED EFFECTS HAVE BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO INTERACTION OF TIO2 AND ZNO PARTICLES WITH PANI MOLECULAR CHAINS. THE MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PANI AND Polyaniline COMPOSITES HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED. THE COMPOSITE SEM MICROGRAPHS SUGGESTS THAT THE INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR PARTICLES WERE INCORPORATED IN ORGANIC CONDUCTING POLYMER, WHICH CONSEQUENTLY MODIFIES THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE FILMS SIGNIFICANTLY.

A NEW APPROACH IS DESCRIBED FOR SYNTHESIS OF POLY ANILINE (PAN) ON POLYELECRTROLYTE MODIFIED ELECTRODE. THE ELECTRODE WAS MODIFIED BY WATER SOLUBLE CONDUCTING POLYMER, POLY (2-METHOXY ANILINE -5- SULFONIC ACID) (PMAS). IN ORDER TO FORM A STABLE FILM OF PMAS DIFFERENT SOLVENTS WERE EXAMINED. THE FILMS CASTED FROM PMAS SOLUTIONS IN DMSO WERE FOUND TO BE STABLE IN POLYMERIZATION SOLUTION OF ANILINE. WITH CONCENTRATION FROM DMSO WAS USED AS SOLVENT RATHER THAN WATER. MODIFIED ELECTRODE WAS PREPARED BY DIRECT DROP CASTING OF A MICROLITER OF A PMAS SOLUTION (0.1-5%, W/V) ON GLASSY CARBON ELECTRODE. ELECTROCHEMICAL EXPERIMENTS SHOWED THAT EVEN AT VERY LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF ANILINE (7.5 MM), A DRAMATIC INCREASE WITH SUBSEQUENT SCANS WAS OBSERVED AND AN ADHERENT, UNIFORM AND STABLE Polyaniline FILM WAS DEPOSITED ON ELECTRODE SURFACE.THE ELECTRODEPOSITION OF THE Polyaniline MATERIAL IS ENHANCED BY THE PRESENCE OF THE ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING PMAS POLYELECTROLYTE DOPANT, WHICH FUNCTIONS AS A MOLECULAR TEMPLATE PROVIDING SUPRAMOLECULAR PRE-ORDERING AS WELL AS SIMULTANEOUSLY FACILITATING CHARGE TRANSPORT DURING ELECTRODEPOSITION. INCREASING THE CONCENTRATION OF PMAS INCREASED THE DEGREE OF POLYMERIZATION, ALTHOUGH THE FILMS CASTED FROM PMAS SOLUTIONS WITH CONENTRATIONS MORE THAN 2.5 % (W/V) WERE NOT STABLE. POST SYNTHESIS CYCLIC VOLTAMOGRAMS OF Polyaniline SHOWED CHARACTERISTIC REDOX PAIRS OF ELECTROACTIVE POLYANLINE. THE POLYMER WAS ELECTROACTIVE IN A WIDER PH RANGE, SUITABLE FOR APPLICATIONS WHERE ELECTROACTIVITY IS NEEDED AT NEUTRAL PH. DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF NEGATIVELY CHARGED SULFONATE GROUPS IN THEIR STRUCTURE, THESE MATERIALS ARE CAPABLE OF ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTION WITH POSITIVELY CHARGED GROUPS. THE METHOD HAS THE ADVANTAGE OF MINIMIZING THE AMOUNT OF PMAS AND MONOMER FOR DEPOSITION OF A DESIRABLE CONDUCTING POLYMER FILM.

CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY OF Polyaniline FILM AND POLYANILIN/GRAPHENENANOCOMPOSITE ON 2B PENCIL GRAPHITE IN ACIDIC SOLUTION CONTAINING 1M KCL AS SUPPORTING ELECTROLYTE IS PERFORMED. THE ELECTROSYNTHESIS OF Polyaniline/GRAPHENENANOCOMPOSITE IN CONTRAST TO Polyaniline INDICATE THAT THE CURRENT OF REDOX PEAKS INCREASE AT OVER 20 MV WHILE THE FT-IR AND UV-VISIBLE SPECTRUMS ILLUSTRATE THAT THE CONDUCTIVITY OF Polyaniline/GRAPHENENANOCOMPOSITE IS MUCH MORE THAN Polyaniline FILM. A POSSIBLE REASON FOR THIS IS THE ATTENDANCE OF GRAPHENE NANOPARTICLES IN ELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE OF THE ELECTRODE MATERIALS.

HOMOGENEOUS AND ADHERENT Polyaniline AND Polyaniline- MONTMORRILONITE (MMT) NANOCOMPOSITE COATING WERE ELECTROSYNTHESIZED ON STEEL 316 BY USING THE GALVANOSTATIC POLARIZATION METHOD. THE SYNTHESIZED COATING WERE CHARACTERIZED BY UV-VIS ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERN AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY. THE CORROSION PROTECTION EFFECT OF THE COATING WAS DEMONSTRATED BY PERFORMING A SERIES OF ELECTROCHEMICAL EXPERIMENTS OF POTENTIODYNAMIC POLARIZATION TECHNIQUE TAFEL AND IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT ON STEEL IN HCL 0.5M ELECTROLYTE. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY CLEARLY ASCERTAIN THAT THE PolyanilineMONTMORRILONITE NANOCOMPOSITE HAS OUTSTANDING POTENTIAL TO PROTECT THE STEEL 316 AGAINST CORROSION IN AN ACID ENVIRONMENT.

NANO-SIZED Polyaniline (PANI) PARTICLES HAVE BEEN SYNTHESIZED VIA TWO-MICROEMULSION TECHNIQUE. THE MICROEMULSION SYSTEMS USED IN THIS STUDY HAS BEEN N-HEXANE/SODIUM DODECYLSULFATE (SDS) /1-OCTANOL (AS COSURFACTANT) AND AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF ANILINE OR AMMONIUM PERSULFATE (APS) AS AN INITIATOR. THE TERNARY PHASE DIAGRAMS OF THE BOTH SYSTEMS WERE MEASURED AND USED TO SELECT PROPER MICROEMULSIONS FOR PREPARATION OF THE NANOSTRUCTURED Polyaniline (PANI). THE MORPHOLOGY OF PRODUCTS WAS DETERMINED BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM) TO BE SPONGE LIKE OR SPHERICAL NANOPARTICLES WITH SIZE OF 45-70 NM.