Due to the existence of different criticism criteria in different eras, the critics have applied different and sometimes opposing methods in literary criticism.The present article studies the popular methods of literary criticism and the evolution of one special method which has been called Preference in some era and comparison in some other era.

Aristotle can be treated as a pioneer of Logic of Preference. In modern times some such distinguished researchers as Soren Hallden, CH. Von Wright, R. Chisholm, N. Rescher and R. Jeffrey have contributed considerably in reviving and developing this part of logical science. Among logical relations playing fundamental role in the Logic of Preference, one is that of P and S: P meaning "P is preferred to q" or "P is better than q" and S meaning "P is equivalent to q in terms of value". While presenting a brief historical itinerary of development of the Logic of Preference, in this article it is attempted to survey, criticize, and modity some of its axioms introduced by Hallden. In correction of the said axioms, we have used notion of "necessity" as well as "S5" system in the modal logic in order to make relations of P and S more logically plausible.

Color, as an important quality of objects, can alter individuals’ emotions and influence automobile selection and sales. A review of previous research literature indicates that color affects human life unconsciously and through cultural factors. This study compared that ratios of vehicle colors manufactured in United States in 2005 and 2006 with similar vehicles at Iran-Khodro in the same period. Results showed that although silver is the most manufactured vehicle color in both countries; its production ratio is significantly higher in Iran. More blue, black, red and beige vehicles were manufactured in the U. S. A than in Iran While Iran manufactured more green and grey vehicles than the U. S. A. The results are discussed based on cultural and psychological differences plus economic limitations.

The study investigates consumers’ Preference for cowpea reflected in the Nigerian markets through price discounts and premiums that consumers pay for different cowpea characteristics. The price data used for this study were obtained through a market survey. A common data collection protocol was employed. Every month, between October 2009 to December 2010, five cowpea samples per seller were bought from randomly selected sellers in six markets and the prices noted. In the laboratory, the non-price data, such as, 100 grain weight, number of bruchid holes per 100 grains, eye colour and texture of the testa were obtained. A hedonic pricing regression model was used to analyze data collected. Hedonic pricing methods provide a statistical estimate of premiums and discounts. Results indicate that eye colour is the most important determinant of cowpea market prices. Cowpeas with brown colour commands a clear premium in all but one market. The consumers discount prices for insect damage in most markets. In general, this study signals the need for cowpea breeders to identify cost effective ways of breeding for brown coloured cowpea (Ife-brown specie) which was noted to attract price premium.