Background: In pediatrics, many drugs are used without marketing authorization. Recommendations are often based on clinical experience. Therefore, the risk of inappropriate prescription (IP) is high. It is necessary to have a tool for pediatric IP detection. Objectives: This study was performed to develop and validate a Pediatrics: Omission of Prescriptions and Inappropriate Prescriptions (POPI) screening tool to facilitate its use in pediatric practice in Iran. Methods: Using forward-and backward-translation procedures, an efficient and effective tool was provided in the current study and clinical settings. The two-round Delphi technique established content validity. The criteria were then piloted in a cross-sectional study in the pediatric patients of Khorasan Razavi and East Azerbaijan in Iran. Results: A total of 104 explicit criteria (79 IPs and 25 omissions) were obtained and submitted to an 18-member expert panel (including 8 pharmacists, 2 clinical pharmacists, and 8 pediatricians working in a hospital or the community). Then, 98 out of the 104 criteria submitted to the experts were selected after two Delphi rounds (75 IPs and 23 omissions). The content validity and reliability of the tool were obtained by expert assessment (Cronbach’, s alpha for the entire criteria: 0. 60). At least, the rate of one inappropriate prescribed medication was 69% in Mashhad, almost twice that of Tabriz (35%). Conclusions: The modified POPI criteria comprise the first screening tool to assess rational prescriptions for pediatric patients in hospital and outpatient settings. Clinical validation and reliability studies are needed and planned by the authors to evaluate the usability and reliability of this tool.

be traced back to several centuries ago. A careful study of Rhazes’Treatments on Gout reveals a lot about the nature and therapy of gout.Methods: We managed to study the perceptions about pathogenesis, symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment of gout that have changed over time. We also discussed some of the past and present fallacies regarding this disease.Results: Rhazes provided a detailed description on the vital role of genetics and the relationship between the development of gout, an indulgent way of living, and tophi at a period of time between 1st and 6th centuries AD.Conclusion: This study showed that the findings of Rhazes about treatments of gout were consonant with modern medical theories.

Introduction: Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is increasingly used in pediatric dentistry for better diagnostics and treatment, but concerns about its potential harm to children remain. This study evaluates CBCT indications and the appropriateness of the Field of View (FOV) in pediatric patients at Mashhad Dental School. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study analyzed CBCT radiographs and patient records of individuals aged 18 years or younger who visited the Radiology Department of Mashhad Dental School from April 2018 to the end of 2022. Patients were categorized into three age groups: under 6 years, 7-12 years, and 13-18 years. The study recorded patient age, gender, CBCT indication, anatomical region examined, and FOV used. The appropriateness of the FOV was assessed based on SEDENTEX-CT guidelines. Results: Out of 4285 patient records, 199 pediatric patients (102 girls and 97 boys) with a mean age of 13. 42±3. 59 years were included. The most common indication for CBCT was dental impaction (48. 2%), particularly of the canine teeth, followed by pathological lesions (19. 6%). The majority of CBCT scans used a medium-sized FOV (8x5 cm), which was appropriate in 67. 8% of cases. There was a significant relationship between the indication for CBCT and the appropriateness of the FOV (p<0. 001). Conclusion: CBCT is a valuable diagnostic tool in pediatric dentistry, particularly for evaluating dental impactions and pathological lesions. However, careful consideration of the FOV is crucial to minimize radiation exposure. Adherence to guidelines can enhance the safe and effective use of CBCT in pediatric patients.

Drug therapy is a complex and important process and because of the importance of drug interactions, especially in in-patients, accompanying problems and obstacles would exist as a result of concomitant use of drugs in these patients. For this purpose 3130 prescription order forms from Bou-Ali hospital were collected and all potential drug interactions present were extracted and evaluated in terms of significance, severity, documentation and onset. Interactions were divided into 5 groups based on their significance, with group 1 being the most important and group 5 the least important.Most interactions observed belonged to groups 4 and 5, accounting for 68.5% of all interactions.Group 1 interactions only accounted for 7.8% of all interactions observed.When considering the onset of interactions, the most dominant type (55.8% of all interactions) were the slow-occurring ones. In terms of the severity, most interactions (47.2%) were of the medium (moderate) type. Strong (severe) interactions only accounted for 8.2% of all interactions.Finally, in terms of the documentation of interactions, the most prevalent type were the probable ones, accounting for 56.8% of all interactions observed. Definite interactions only accounted for 4.3% of all interactions.