In this paper, impacts of day-ahead market Pricing on behavior of producers and consumers in option and day-ahead markets and on option Pricing are studied. To this end, two comprehensive equilibrium models for joint put option and day-ahead markets under pay-as-bid and uniform Pricing in day-ahead market are presented, respectively. Interaction between put option and day-ahead markets, uncertainty in fuel price, day-ahead market Pricing, and elasticity of consumers to strike price, premium price, and day-ahead price are taken into account in these models. By applying the presented models to a test system impact of day-ahead market Pricing on equilibrium of joint put option and day-ahead markets are studied.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of Pricing resulting from interference in the price mechanism and obliging the market to apply floor and ceiling prices or the use of Pricing criteria by regulators. Research (normative and descriptive-analytical) will provide solutions to improve the current situation. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of Pricing resulting from interference in the price mechanism and obliging the market to apply floor and ceiling prices or the use of Pricing criteria by regulators. Research (normative and descriptive-analytical) will provide solutions to improve the current situation. The findings of this study indicate that despite the existence of 15 governmental and quasi-governmental regulatory institutions and organizations in the field of Pricing, challenges including adopting a single Pricing procedure for all goods and with any structure, having a price suppression approach, Pricing There are different interpretations of the rules, etc., which lead to inconsistencies in the way the relevant institutions intervene along the value chain of different commodity groups. The consequences of this decision will occur in severe price fluctuations, which will cause instability in the economy.

Employees always concern about losing their job, or in other word, losing their income resources. For this purpose, governments require strong protection system for covering these concerns. The Unemployment Insurance (UI) program’s can be used for achievin g this goal. Based on article five of Iranian unemployment Insurance law, premium is four percent of employee’s salary while employer and government’s contribution is four percent and one percent, respectively. Hence, there are great concerns about the financial pressure on the government regarding implementing this law. In this paper, we price UI based on the insurance history of employee and the duration of being unemployed. We use the Weibull distribution for finding duration of unemployment, and finally equivalence principle applied for finding the fair UI premium rate. Our findings indicate that the UI rate is less than 4% which is lower than current UI rate in Iran which has been set by law. Consequently, government’s contribution can be eliminated which reduces concerns about providing required budget by the government.

Dynamic Pricing is a field of research that has gained acceptance in the scientific community and management literature. This paper aims to review the citations made in the literature on dynamic Pricing and investigate the development of knowledge of this field of research. Bibliometric methods were used to conduct this study, including scientific mapping of dynamic Pricing. VOSviewer software was used for scientific mapping. Five clusters in the co-citation were introduced by giving statistical and graphical information. A conceptual framework of perceived price fairness was presented. The results show a growing trend in dynamic Pricing. It has been shown that adequate studies have not been there to identify the variables affecting dynamic Pricing and to consider all the dimensions affecting the perceived fairness of price, and fewer studies have been conducted in the field of B2B research. The results of the study show that in all bibliographic fields USA is dominant to other countries. This article is the first bibliographic study in the field of dynamic Pricing, and it presents the research gap in this area and directs the perspective of future research. This article is useful for researchers and enthusiasts in the field of dynamic Pricing.