Rice husk is counted as an agricultural waste that results in environmental problems during its handling. In this work, rice husk was used as raw material for producing liquid biofuel (Pyrolysis oil) via Pyrolysis. The Pyrolysis reaction was carried out at temperatures of 450, 500, and 550 ° C for 1 hour. The Pyrolysis oil was collected and weighted for every 10 minutes. The results showed that the increase in Pyrolysis temperature caused the yield of Pyrolysis oil to increase. The properties in the term of heating value also increased while viscosity and density of Pyrolysis oil decreased. These properties were almost similar to diesel oil with a slightly lower heating value. The proposed model using the single reaction model and two stages model were fit to represent the mechanism of rice husk Pyrolysis reaction in this study. However, the results of two stages model gave a lower error than those of the single reaction model. Furthermore, the rate of Pyrolysis reaction at various temperatures could be determined using the kinetic data obtained from the developed model. This information would be useful for designing the Pyrolysis reactor especially for producing biofuel (Pyrolysis oil) from the rice husk.

The effectiveness of binary mixtures of phosphorus and sulfur compounds as coke inhibitors for naphtha Pyrolysis has been studied. As both phosphorus and sulfur compounds proved to be promising coke inhibitors, runs were made with mixtures of these compounds. The coke deposited was significantly lower when phosphor was used together with sulfur. Also, the effect of the addition of Na2CO3 and K2CO3 in the naphtha feed was investigated. It was found that the addition of Na2CO3 and K2CO3 reduced the coke formation. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for the microstructure of deposited coke and energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDAX) for the surface elemental composition of coke formed on the surface of stainless steel coupons. It was found that in the presence of inhibitors, deposited coke has a porous structure and so small amounts of Ni , Cr , and Fe elements.

The increase in the population of the planet and the rapid economic growth and, consequently, the high consumption of energy has created many environmental problems. Due to these reasons and the lack of renewability of these fossil fuels, there has been a steep trend towards the production of renewable fuels, one of which is the production of energy from biomass. In this study, biofuel production from biomass has been investigated using the Pyrolysis method, a method that reduces the production of oil from millions of years to a few seconds, and is the most industrialized thermochemical method for producing fuel from biomass. This research focuses on thermochemical processes, Pyrolysis principles, hydrothermal methods and specifications, chemical composition and applications of biofuels, and the devices and equipment needed for it. It is found from this study that producing of biofuel from biomass with Pyrolysis process has to solve some problems such as size of Pyrolysis plant and type of feedstock. These studies suggested more economical study for producing of biofuel from Pyrolysis process and also mix feedstock to increasing production quality and test some new catalyst for upgrading of biofuel.

Alternative energy and renewable sources received considerable attention from many researchers because fossil fuel has intermediate products during the conversion of coal. Intermediate products such as synthesis gas, biochar, and condensable vapors are directly influenced by the production of energy to mitigate the barrier to future energy demand. The present review deals with the Pyrolysis of coal and the results of Pyrolysis of coal investigated by the parameters affecting product distribution such as type of reactor, feedstock composition, temperature, heating rate, particle size, and sweeping gas flow rate. Intermediate products such as charcoal obtained at 300 to 400°C usually the product of a slow Pyrolysis process because coal has a large content of un-burnt inorganic compounds in the form of NOX, SOX, and ash, bio-oil depend on volatile matters and obtained at temperature range 410 to 460°C as a product of fast and flash Pyrolysis process because of high heating rate but during slow Pyrolysis limited fraction obtained, gas formation observed when secondary cracking of coal at a temperature relatively higher to 500°C. Environmental effects and part of the potential scope of coal Pyrolysis-based studies are also discussed in this review. Therefore, in the future utilization of coal will be interesting to optimize the products.

Severity of energy crisis is so acute in our society whereas environmental degradation is another challenging issue. Combining these two, environmental pollution can be eradicated permanently which is the burning issue for many countries of the world. Nowadays recycling of tire waste can be a dependable solution for minimizing energy crisis and environmental pollution as well as energy crisis. Similar to bio resources these wastes tire have the features of manufacturing energy by altered thermochemical conversion process. In the previous time waste tire Pyrolysis was conducted without catalyst whereas the present Pyrolysis with catalyst. The objectives were investigating the effect on oil extraction and the composition of derivative oil from tire waste in presence of catalyst. The effect of Pyrolysis heating rate, temperature, operating time, catalyst/tire ratio (CT ratio) and sample size etc. on yield were also investigated. The Pyrolysis process was carried out in temperature range of 300 to 600º C. The most favorable pyrolytic oil attained was 42. 0% (wt) for without catalyst as well as 36. 67% (wt) for catalytic Pyrolysis at 450º C. Characterization of physical properties of the resulting pyrolytic oil showed that increase in Pyrolysis temperature and CT ratio resulted in higher yield of gas at the expense of oil. When CT ratio is increased from 0. 13 to 0. 30, the gas yield is increased from 13. 33 to 15. 33% (wt) and oil yield decreased from 36. 67 to 28. 0% (wt) at temperature of 450oC. High CT ratio favored an increase in the concentration of light naphtha in the pyrolytic oil. A yield of 97% (wt) is obtained from of the pyrolytic oil at 450oC with CT ratio 0. 3 by fractional distillation below 350oC. It could be concluded that after proper treatment these oil can be used as substitute of alternative fuel or chemical feedstock to naphtha.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized by spray Pyrolysis method using an aqueous solution of zinc acetate at various concentrations from 5 to 25 wt%. The decomposition of precursor solutions was carried out at 800, 1000 and 1200oC under different atomizing pressures. The crystal structure and morphology of synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) spectrometry and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), which indicated that ZnO nanoparticles were of hexagonal wurtzite structure. The XRD, TEM and BET analyses of prepared ZnO powders with concentrations of 5-20 wt% showed that the crystallite size diameter and specific surface area of particles were in the range of 10-25 nm and 44-56 m2/g, respectively.It was found that impurity and unreacted zinc acetate appeared in the product with increase of precursor solution concentration beyond 20wt%.