In the present study, the main purpose is the Qualitative study on garbage collection in Tehran city. It has been done by Qualitative research method. Semi-structured interview and purposeful sampling techniques were used in data collection. To do this, 15 people were interviewed and the sample size in the present study was determined based on theoretical saturation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Theme analysis was performed at 4 levels of primary, main, central and core themes. A total of 184 initial themes were extracted from all interviews. In the main coding stage, the following 9 main themes were merged. Escape from poverty in the origin and the inevitable choice of inferiority, society's view to garbage collectors, and high stress, strengthening the cycle of academic reluctance and illiteracy, physical and mental torment, unknown horizon and confusion of the Khojies, legal ambiguity and customary definitions and contracts, complaints from relevant institutions, the entry of the mafia and the formation of rent and corruption. Finally, these themes fall into two categories of social harmfulness of recycling and institutional exclusion and illegallity of the status of garbage collectors in the second distrect in the form of the core theme of the structure of socially harmful and institutionally illegal, waste phenomenon explained..

Abstract: This study sought to answer the question of what are the causes of marital infidelity in the Iranian family. To Answer the Research Question, Qualitative Meta-Synthesis (QMS) Method Were Used. Then, 78 Scientific Papers Which Were Considered Marital Infidelity in Iran were identified and were Analyzed. The results showed that the factors of infidelity in Iran can be classified into 9 main categories, including: 1. Social factors, 2. Psychological factors, 3. Cultural factors, 4. Family factors, 5. Personal factors, 6. Relational factors, 7. Economic factors, 8. Media factors, 9. Contextual factors. Each of the main Categories is divided into Different Subcategories. The Social Factors of infidelity were including “Infidelity Opportunities”, “Friend groups” and “Environmental Conditions”. Psychological Factors of Infidelity Were Including “Personality Type”, “Attachment Styles”, and their “Love Schema”. Cultural Factors have Pointed to “Change in Beliefs and values” and “the level of Religious Education” of people. The Family Factors were including “Inappropriate Marriage”, “Family Conflict” and “the Kind of Family Background of people”. The Personal Factors are “Sexual Dissatisfaction”, “Emotional Dissatisfaction”, “the Feeling of Loneliness”, “the Spouse Unavailability”, “Weakness in Controlling Spouse”, “Domestic Violence”, “Revenge of the Spouse” and “the Role of the Third Person in the Relationship”. The Economic factors are including “the Economic Status of the person”, “the Role of Economic Problems”, “the motivation of entering into infidelity under the Pretext of Job promotion”. The media Factors Were Emphasized on “weakening Iranian Values through Social Media Networks and Foreign Satellite Channels” and “Producing of New Needs by Media”. Finally, the Contextual Factors were including the Role of “Age” and “Gender” in the Infidelity. Findings showed that Infidelity Occurred in the group of men and youth in Iran, more than other Social Groups.

The present research studied the (causal, contextual, and intervening) conditions, strategies, and consequences of violence in the lives of child wives in Chabahar city, conducted with a Qualitative methodology based on grounded theory. For this purpose, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 child-married girls in Chabahar city who were selected through theoretical sampling and snowball method. The analysis of the data in the framework of the three-level open, axial and selective coding system showed that gendered inequality and discrimination, women's inferiority, men's value, the culture of silence and the culture of violence play a role in the experience of child-wives in terms of violence (causal conditions), which leads to a type of increased, double violence for them (core category); violence that operates within the framework of the family institution, the main mechanism of which are previous traditions and rules, and the perpetrators of which are men and women who were themselves the victims of the same traditions and rules that they have, now, internalized and used again against their daughters. This increased violence happens in a context where patriarchy is widespread (contextual conditions) and due to the generalized self-deprecation among child wives (intervening conditions), they may attempt to escape, get separated, threaten, and commit suicide (strategies), and these actions have consequences such as symbolic, physical, and sexual violence and even social isolation (consequences).

To investigate the effects of fertilizer regimes on quantitative and Qualitative traits of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss, a field experiment at three replications with the Split Plate arrangement in a completely randomized block design was conducted in the Research Field of Tarbiat Modares University during the 2017-18 growing season.Water deficit stress (irrigation after discharging 20 (optimal irrigation), 40 (mild water deficit stress), 60 (moderate water deficit stress) and 80% (severe water deficit stress) of water used (available water)) in the main plot and fertilizer regime (urea, nitroxin, vermicompost, azocompost and no fertilizer) in the subplot were studied. The results showed that the highest leaf fresh weight (1797 kg ha-1) and total biomass (2957 kg ha-1) were obtained by application of urea in mild water deficit stress condition and the highest dry matter digestibility percentage was observed in azocompost treatment in moderate water deficit stress condition (57.8%). The highest crude protein was produced in severe water deficit stress condition (19.72%) and moderate water deficit stress (18.4%), respectively.. The highest percentage of water soluble carbohydrate and neutral detergent fiber were obtained from no fertilizer in moderate water deficit stress (22.06%) and application of urea in severe water deficit stress conditions, respectively. Mild water deficit stress application to produce high biomass is recommended for Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. According to the results, application of urea in mild water deficit stress was selected as the best treatment to produce forage 32% more than control.

Due to having spring and autumn genotypes and adaptation to weather conditions, rapeseed is considered as a point hope to provide edible oil of country. Two separate experiments were set up as split-plot in a RCBD design with three replications in two fall and winter seasons during two years (2014-2015 and 2015-2016) at the research field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute to investigate the effect of sowing season and date on the quantitative and Qualitative yields of rapeseed genotypes in Karaj, Iran. In this study, the main plots were sowing dates (7, 17, and 27 October in fall sowing and 9 and 19 February, and 1 March in winter sowings) and sub-plots consisted of genotypes (RGS003, Dalgan, Zabol10, Hyola401, and Hyola4815). Rapeseed genotypes grain and oil yields were 4330 and 1840 kg ha-1 in fall sowing, respectively, while these traits were decreased 43.3 and 46.6% respectively, when rapeseed genotypes were planted in winter season. The highest grain and oil yields (5033 and 2202 kg ha-1) belonged to 7 October sowing date in fall sowing, while 9 February had the highest grain and oil yields (2996 and 1248 kg ha-1) in winter sowing. In general, the Dalgan genotype is recommended for cultivation due to suitable agronomic traits such as number of silique per plant, number of grain per silique, silique length, 1000-grain weight, as well as high grain and oil yields in cold temperate regions with arid and semi-arid climates such as Karaj, Iran.

مقدمه: بحران ویروس کرونا هرچند در ظاهر ماهیتی صرفاً پزشکی و مرتبط با نظام سلامت دارد، اما پدیده ای چند بعدی است که اثرات خود را در اقتصاد، فرهنگ و حتی خانواده برجای گذاشته است. در این میان به تأثیر وضعیت رخ داده بر مهم ترین نهاد جامعه ایرانی یعنی خانواده کمتر پرداخته شده است. در راستای این مسأله، مطالعه ای کیفی به منظور تبیین تجارب خانواده های دارای بیمار مبتلا به کووید-19 انجام شد. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر مطالعه ای کیفی با رویکرد تحلیل محتوا است که در سال 1400 انجام گرفت. نمونه گیری به صورت مبتنی بر هدف آغاز و تا رسیدن به اشباع اطلاعات، به صورت نظری ادامه یافت. ابـزار اصـلی جمع آوری داده مصاحبه عمیق نیمه ساختار یافته بود که در مجموع 10 مشارکت کننده مورد مصاحبه قرار گرفتند. مشارکت کنندگان، افرادی از خـانواده بیمار مبتلا به کووید-19 بودند که ضمن تمایل برای شرکت در مطالعه، یا درگیر مراقبت از بیمار بوده و یا به نحوی به دنبال ابتلای بیمار، دچار نگرانی بودند. علاوه بر آن بیمار آنها از کرونا بهبود یافته و در قید حیات بود. مکان مصاحبه با نظر شرکت کنندگان در منزل آنها و یا مکانی که آنها راحت بودند انتخاب شد. مصاحبه ها به روش Granheim و Lundman به صورت دستی تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: به دنبال جمع آوری و تجزیه و تحلیل یافته ها، در ابتدا 391 کد اولیه، 16 زیر طبقه و در نهایت پنج درون مایه اصلی استخراج شد. پنج مقوله پدیدار شده عبارتند از: علائم تجربه شده ابتلا با دو زیر طبقه (علائم ظهور بیماری و سیر علائم)، آشفتگی های فکری و روحی با هفت زیر طبقه (اضطراب ابتلا، اضطراب مرگ، ترس از ماهیت مبهم بیماری، عذاب وجدان، وسواس، رنج عاطفی و نگرانی های مالی)، ایثاردر مراقبت با دو زیر طبقه (رنج مراقبت و تعدد نقش)، تاب آوری درمسیرمراقبت با سه زیر طبقه (جنبه های حمایتگرانه، کاهش استرس مراقبتی و کسب اطلاعات در مورد بیماری)، تغییر و تحول در مدار زندگی با دو زیر طبقه (رشد فردی و بدست آوردن معنای زندگی). نتیجه گیری: بر اساس مطالعه حاضر، به دنبال ابتلای یکی از اعضای خانواده به کرونا، سایر اعضاء، دچار بحران شده؛ ابعاد فردی، روانی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی بنیان خانواده با چالش مواجه شده و تحت الشعاع قرار می گیرد که مستلزم حمایت همه جانبه خانواده به عنوان اولین و مهم ترین نهاد جامعه است. گرچه مواجهه با این بحران و چالش های همراه منجر به تجربه مصائب خاص می شود اما زمینه ساز رشد فردی و درک بهتر معنای زندگی می شود. از این رو می توان گفت تجربه این بحران نه تنها از بعد اجتماعی بلکه از بعد فردی نیز توأم با تحولات شگرف مثبت و منفی است.

پاره ای اوقات، محقق می خواهد که نگاه عمیق تری به یک فرد، موقعیت، یا سلسله ای از حوادث معین داشته باشد. به جای پرسیدن سوالاتی از قبیل «مردم در این باره چه فکر می کنند؟» (آن گونه که در تحقیق زمینه یابی مرسوم است) یا «اگر من این کار را بکنم، چه اتفاقی خواهد افتاد؟» (آنچنان که در تحقیق آزمایشی متداول است)، محقق می پرسد: «این افراد چگونه عمل می کنند؟» یا «چگونه حوادث اتفاق می افتند» یا «چگونه مردم به تصویر کشیده می شوند» (توصیف می شوند). برای پاسخ به سوالاتی از این قبیل، محققین شماری از روش های پژوهشی را تحت عنوان «تحقیق کیفی» به کار می برند. در این مقاله گام های لازم در تحقیق کیفی مورد بحث قرار گرفته است. آن دسته از پژوهش هایی که کیفیت روابط، فعالیت ها، موقعیت ها یا موارد را بررسی می کنند، غالبا تحت عنوان تحقیق کیفی قرار دارند. این نوع پژوهش ها از روش های مورد بحث پژوهشگران کمی متفاوت است و در آن تاکید بیشتری بر توصیف جامع می باشد. منظور از توصیف جامع، به تفصیل توصیف کردن تمام آن چیزهایی است که در خلال یک فعالیت یا موقعیت معین می گذرد. انواع مختلفی از روش های کیفی وجود دارد، اما تعداد معینی از شکل های آن عمومی هستند و این روش ها بیشتر معرف تحقیق کیفی می باشند.