The Purpose of this research was to study the effects of caffeine on the development of the palate. Since the development of palatal shelves from the 13th day starts by the growth of palatal shelves and the fusion of them occurs in the 16th day. After choosing wistar rat and coupling them monogamously, we determined pregnancy zero day and placed them in the control and test groups.A dose of 80 mg/kg caffeine (1%). In the 13th, 14th and 15th day of pregnancy was injected to the test group intraperitoneally and a dose of 80mglkg of physiological serum was injected to the control group in the same way in the 13th. 14th and 15th day of pregnancy. During the 16th to 19.5th day of pregnancy, every four hours a single group of test and control rats were victimized and their fetuses were separated from the pregnant rats by cesarean and were fixed separately in formalin and sectioned put 5micron thick. The study was completed by applying the following staining techniques: Feulgen, Toluidine blue, P.AS and H& E: the following result were obtained:Caffeine causes a delay in the fusion of the palatal shelves in the test group compared to control group: the average time of delay was about 32 hours.

Background: Pregabalin is used as an adjunctive therapy in partial seizure, fibromyalgia, neuropathic pain, and generalized anxiety disorders. This study was designed to determine the effects of pregabalin on memory of rat using object recognition task (ORT) method. Methods: Male wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 7), and were injected 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg/day of pregabalin or normal saline for 28 days. For evaluation of memory, animals underwent ORT during two 3-minute trials with an one-hour interval to explore similar and similar or different objects. For this reason, the discrimination (d2) and recognition (R) indices, as well as the frequency of new object exploration (f), were compared in the second period of exposure (T2). The P-values of less than 0. 05 were considered as statistically significant. Findings: Administration of pregabalin with the dose of 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg/day for 28 days significantly reduced the d2 (P < 0. 050, P < 0. 010, and P < 0. 001, respectively) and R (P < 0. 010, P < 0. 001, and P < 0. 001, respectively) indices, and frequency of exploration (P < 0. 050, P < 0. 050, and P < 0. 001, respectively) in the T2 trials compared to the control group. 100 mg/kg of pregabalin showed more decrease in these factors compared to the dose of 10 mg/kg (P < 0. 050, P < 0. 001, and P < 0. 050, respectively). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that long-term administration of different doses of pregabalin disrupts cognitive memory to new object in rats. The memory decline follows a dose-dependent pattern.

Introduction: To date, studies about the systemic effects of statins on bone tissue have led to different results. The aim of this study was to assess the osteoinductivity by statins when injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously in rats.Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, 68 injections of Simvastatin, Lovastatin, Atorvastatin in polyethyleneglycole with 1mg/ml and polyethyleneglycole 300 were injected either S.C in rat's backs or I.M into their hand and foot. After 6 weeks, the rats were killed and samples of the injection areas were provided and were studied under a microscope.Results: In two of the samples, few bony areas were seen which were a mixture of lamellar and woven bone. Around these areas' an osteoblastic rim was visible. In another sample, a chondral area with an active mesanchimal connective tissue which was in a differentiation state to become cartilage, was seen.Conclusion: Finding of this study and the gradual differentiation of muscular tissue to bony stem tissue in around samples, confirms the probable osteoinductivity effect of theses compound. To confirm further we propose that this effect should be investigated on stem cell cultures, in vitro.

Background: Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) plays a great role in periradicular surgery and treatment of complicated endodontic cases. Including perforations the only problemwith MTA is its cost and storage limits. Aim: This research was conducted to evaluate the biocompalialinota material portland cement with a comparison to the original. Materials and Method: Both MTA and P.C were placed in polyethylenetubes prior to an implantation process of them under the skin of 45 rats, (shoulder and Gluteal areas). The rats were devided into three groups of fifteen. Each of which weresacrified in either 3 days, one week or one month intervals. Histopatologic assessments were made for the degree of inflammation, type of inflammation, foreign body reaction and formation of fibrous capsula. Result: Differences of the degree of inflammation was significantbetweenMTA or P.C. and control group this difference was, howere, only seen in one week period. (P<0.5). There were no significant difference in 3 days and a week period in foreignbody reaction and giant cell formation. The difference was however become significant betweenMTA or P.C and control group in one month. Conclusion: Portland cement could be considered as an alternative to the MTA. Future studies and clinical researches are also strangly recomended.

Sub acute toxicity of MS14 which has been designed for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) was studied in rat. In this study wistar rats of both sexes were used. The animals orally received MS14 at doses of 625, 1250 and 2500mg/kg for a period of 28 days. Control group received vehicle (%1 w/v solution of car boxy methyl cellulose). Blood and serum samples for hematological and biochemical assays and tissue samples for histopathology study were prepared at the end 0 f this period. Results showed that n one of doses of MS14 caused mortality or behavioral and autonomic changes during the period of 28 days. Biochemical and hematological parameters of test groups were not significantly different from control group. Histopathology study also revealed no sign of toxicity. Although results of this study confirmed the safety of the preparation, however, other toxicological experiments are also required.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Diabetes mellitus is a common disease which accompanied by adverse effects on different tissues. Retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy are known long term complications in diabetes. In addition, male reproductive organ is one of the other target tissues which may affect on spermatogenesis phenomena by diabetes. In this study, the effect of experimental diabetes on a male reproductive animal model was investigated.METHODS: In this study, diabetes was induced in adult male Wistar rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (120mg/kg body weight) while control animals were received distilled water. After 30 days, testes were removed and prepared for histological study.FINDINGS: Our data indicated an increase seminiferous tubule diameter in diabetic rats significantly. In addition, there was a significant cell reduction, disorganization and shrinkage in diabetic seminiferous tubules.CONCLUSION: This study revealed that effects of diabetes on spermatogenesis can be clearly detected as a disorder in structure of seminiferous tubules and cell reduction in diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Betadine is a disinfectant routinely used in all of the Iranian health centers and many other countries in the world but its effect on wound healing is controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of beta dine on wound healing in rat.METHODS: In this interventional study, two groups of rats (n=10 each) were randomized as betadine and control groups. Under nesdonal anesthesia, a full thickness skin in an area of 2 cm2 was excised on dorsal neck of rats and immediately betadine was applied in betadine group. Control group received no treatment. Wound area, percentage of recovery and body weight was measured on postoperative days 1, 4, 7 and 10. Number of fibroblasts, collagen fibers, new vessels, lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and thickness of epiderm were determined in three groups by biopsy on day 10. FINDINGS: The results showed the percentage of recovery was not significantly different in the 4th, 7th and 10th days.Revascularisation, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, neutrophils, epidennal depth and collagen fibers were not significantly different between two groups. Macrophages in the betadine group were significantly higher than control group (p<0.01).CONCLUSON: The results propose that betadine not only does not speed up wound healing but also delays the inflammatory phase.

dies indicated that morphine consumption during pregnancy could inhibit embryos development. Present study further evaluated the effects of oral morphine consumption on the placenta development.Female Wistar rats (W:170-200 g) were used in the present study. Experimental group were received morphine (0.05 mg/ml of tap water) after one night coupling with male rats for mating.On the 9th day of pregnancy, the pregnant animals were anesthetized with chloroform and the placentas were removed surgically and fixed in 10% formalin. The fixed placentas were processed and stained by H & E method and evaluated for their development. Thickness of layers, number of lacuna, as well as number of the cells in both maternal and fetal parts of the placentas and the utrian septum thickness were calculated by MOTIC software.Our results indicated that both maternal and fetal layer thickness were increased in experimental group. In addition, number of lacuna, as well as number of the cells in both maternal and fetal parts of the placentas were increased in experimental group. In contrast, the utrian septum thickness was reduced in experimental group. Taken together, our results showed that all placenta development indicators were abnormal in experimental group. These abnormalities may be the cause of incomplete development observed in the fetus born by opioid addicted women.

Background: Physicians are stili encountering untreatable diseases or even severe complications of current therapeutic approaches, thus the present study was achieved on rats to determine the efficacy of a spiritual healing on joint inflammation.Materials and methods: Sixteen rats entered this experimental study. They were assigned randomly to either the red or yellow groups. Spiritual healing was achieved by an expert physician.Having our rats anesthetized, chronic inflammation was introduced in right knee. Then the physician was asked God for healing. This approach was assessed by means of determining the rats' knee local temperature on days 1, 3, 7 and 14 as well as their knee diameter. Two-factor ANOVA was used for data analysis.Results: Alterations of joints' temperature and diameter were statistically significant between the two groups (p<0.05). Weight gain was differed significantly (p<0.001). Conclusion: Spiritual healing is accompanied by better improvement in joints' inflammation and also rats' weight gain. Further controlled trials are strongly recommended.