Let R be a commutative Noetherian ring. We prove that over a local ring R every  nitely generated R-module M of  nite Gorenstein projective dimension has a Gorenstein projective cover φ : C! M such that C is  nitely generated and the projective dimension of Ker φ is  nite and φ is surjective.

A matrix PÎCn×n is called a generalized reflection matrix if PH=P and P2=I. An n×n complex matrix A is said to be a REFLEXIVE (anti-REFLEXIVE) matrix with respect to the generalized reflection matrix P if A=PAP (A=-PAP). In this paper, we introduce two iterative methods for solving the pair of matrix equations AXB=C and DXE=F over REFLEXIVE and anti-REFLEXIVE matrices. The convergence of the iterative methods is also proposed. Finally, a numerical example is given to show the efficiency of the presented results.

Tattooing, as a way for body management and designation, reproduces a social function and meaning beyond its biological performances. Thus, its meaning has been transformed from an anomalous behavior to a fundamental element in self- reflexivity and self- identity upon which the one constitutes and narrates his / her personal narrative of life, individual identity, subjective transformation and sexuality. The main question of this paper targets the ways people reconstruct and reinterpret their bodies through tattooing. The findings, based on interviewing with 32 tattooed informants, demonstrated fundamental changes in their world view and subjective orientation. According to their perception, tattooing is interpreted as a metaphysical quest, symbolic membership in a group, individual narrative, continuing gendered social norms, anti-standardization, and individualization.

Future and ideal are something problematic now more than every day before. In this frustrating fog occupying everywhere, all attempts have been assigned to individual needs, personal successes and close future. Collective ideal and far future have become secondary goals. In such conditions “, self”,will cut its ties from social context, will alienated from the society, from history and from itself and will tend to reification. What role university and academic training will play here? The specific question of this article is how each of the two approaches of natural sciences and human sciences will relate in this alienation? Social faculty of Tehran university has been selected as representative of human sciences and engineering faculty of Tehran university as representative of natural sciences. 15 students of each faculty were interviewed about their ideals, wishes and futures. According to the results, linear determinative scientific causal law dominated on natural sciences in engineering faculty will permeate to the world of human relations. In the sphere of these disciplines society is not an independent totality but just sum of the singular individuals. Ideal and future have seen as not more than just personal success. In contrast in the fluid and multi-paradigm world of human sciences, relation between individual and society will be understood as complicated, multilateral and dialectical. Personal success and collective ideal will be seen as interwoven,and ideal will not know as just personal success inside the status quo, but the will of the change in the status quo itself.

In order to get a better grasp of the opportunities and constraints of transition to sustainable land and water management in Iran, four large-scale qualitative–quantitative surveys were designed to find out the attitudes, interests, and values of land and water stakeholders including farmers, village informants, soil and water experts, and policymakers. To collect data needed for answering research questions, different instruments including questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and open-ended interviews were used. These empirical investigations were carried out in 2007-2008 in Iran. Finally, with the integration of the theoretical and empirical researches the main contours of a more REFLEXIVE and sustainable land and water resource management in Iran were sketched. Accordingly, this REFLEXIVE framework includes four key elements. First, REFLEXIVE land and water technological innovation with its strategy of contextualization strives for restoration and integration of traditional and modern technology that focuses on the whole socio-technical system. To achieve this technological strategy, and as a second element, REFLEXIVE land and water governance should facilitate the inclusion of stakeholders in the process of transition. The third element is the Islamic land and water ethics with the core concepts of Islamic stewardship and environmental virtue ethics that can help people to understand how to live a good life in relationship to nature and the environment. The fourth element covers the REFLEXIVE soil and water sciences revitalized by an Islaminspired mode of inquiry that encourages achievement of stewardship management. This post-normal science and Mode 2 science facilitates the democratization of science to cope with the issue of interdisciplinarity and the exclusion of stakeholders (improving the relation between science and society) in the scientific atmosphere and research area. Finally, the land and water professional of tomorrow was portrayed as a “transdisciplinary engineer” and a “public leader”.