Background & Aim: The purpose of this presentation to present our data in evaluating whether venous indocyanine green (ICG) videoangiography has any potential for predicting the presence of a safe collateral circulation for veins that are at risk for intentional or unintentional damage during surgery.Methods & Materials/Patients: We performed venous ICG videoangiography during 153 consecutive neurosurgical procedures. On those occasions in which a venous sacrifice occurred during surgery, whether that sacrifice was preplanned (intended) or unintended, venous ICG videoangiography was repeated so as to allow us to study the effect of venous Sacrifice. A specific test (clipping test) to predict the presence of venous collateral circulation was also applied in 21 of these cases.Results: Venous ICG videoangiography allowed for an intraoperative real-time flow assessment of the exposed veins with excellent image quality and resolution in all cases. The veins observed in this study were found to be extremely different with RESPECT to flow dynamics and could be divided in 3 groups: 1) arterialized veins; 2) fast-draining veins with uniform filling and clear flow direction; and 3) slow-draining veins with nonuniform filling. Temporary clipping was found to be a simple and reversible way to test for the presence of potential anastomotic circulation.Conclusion: Venous ICG videoangiography is able to reveal substantial variability in the venous flow dynamics. "Slow veins, " when they are tributaries of bridging veins, might hide a potential for anastomotic circulation that deserve further investigation.

One central issue in philosophy of law is "RESPECT to law": what arguments can be given, under normal circumstances, to justify obeying the law and conversely, are there any circumstances under which we are morally justified in disobeying? Typically, the reading of Plato’s views includes an authoritarian and unquestionable obedience to law which are deprived of reasonable foundation. In this essay the author criticizes cited interpretations and will try to investigate the authority of law from a virtue ethical perspective. In this recent view, citizens obey the law simply because it helps them to gain moral virtues. In those cases which citizens can’t construct a dialogue with law, they have civil disobedience option.

In this paper, we study the concept of exponential convex functions with RESPECT to $s$ and prove Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for the newly introduced this class of functions. In addition, we get some refinements of    the Hermite-Hadamard (H-H) inequality for functions whose first derivative in absolute value, raised to a certain power which is greater than one, RESPECTively at least one, is exponential convex with RESPECT to $s$. Our results coincide with the results obtained previously in special cases.

Since the theory of filters plays an important role in the theory of lattices, in this paper, we will make an intensive study of the notions of semisimple lattices and the socle of lattices based on their filters. The bulk of this paper is devoted to stating and proving analogues to several well-known theorems in the theory of the rings. It is shown that, if $L$ is a semisimple distributive lattice, then $L$ is finite. Also, an application of the results of this paper is given. It is shown that if $R$ is a right distributive ring, then the lattice of right ideals of $R$ is semisimple iff  $R$ is a semisimple ring.

Recently, a novel topological index, Sombor index, was introduced by Gutman, defined as $SO(G)=\sum\limits_{uv\in E(G)}\sqrt{d_{u}^{2}+d_{v}^{2}}$, where $d_{u}$ denotes the degree of vertex $u$. In this paper, we first determine the maximum Sombor index among cacti with $n$ vertices and $t$ cycles, then determine the maximum Sombor index among cacti with perfect matchings. We also characterize corresponding maximum cacti.

Let M be a right module over a ring R,  M a pre-radical on  [M], and N 2  [M]. In this note we show that if N1; N2 2  [M] are two  M-lifting modules such that Ni is Nj-projective (i; j = 1; 2), then N = N1  N2 is  M-lifting. We investigate when homomorphic image of a  M-lifting module is  M-lifting.

The RESPECT of property has recognized by the grate legal systems. Despite of the recognition of this rule, there are some exceptions. Expropriation, Nationalization, Confiscation and Requisition are exceptions of the RESPECT which cause the disputes in foreign investment. However national and international authorities, have different argumentations in ether violations of the RESPECT to determine the foreign investor damages. The conflict of interest between foreign investor and host state in consideration of the RESPECT of property, encounters protection of foreign investment and protection of national interests. While a dispute came in, by analyzing of the rule and its exceptions we can chose the best settlement way. This research wants to analyze the RESPECT of property, its exceptions and the precedent in foreign investment disputes.