Background: Vascular events during kidney transplantation is a major cause of graft loss, but immediate surgical intervention can salvage the graft and recipient.Objective: To present our experience of vascular interventions and their effects on the outcome of grafts in transplant patients with suspected vascular events.Methods: From 1990 to 2012, 2050 renal transplantations (1542 live and 408 cadaveric donors) were performed by one team. We reviewed the recipient charts to find cases with vascular events like artery or vein kinking or torsion, renal artery thrombosis (RAT) and renal vein thrombosis (RVT). A vascular event was suspected when urinary output was suddenly stopped and confirmed by color Doppler ultrasonography or immediate exploration. The kind of surgical interventions for saving grafts and their outcomes were assessed.Results: A total of 28 (1.3%) vascular accidents occurred. Arterial kinking, arterial torsion and venous torsion occurred in 9 (33%), 2 (7%) and 2 (7%) patients, respectively. RAT and RVT occurred in 12 (43%) and 3 (10%) patients, respectively. 8 of 9 arterial kinking occurred in those in whom we used internal iliac artery. The mean±SD time between anuria and surgery was 30±10, 50±10 and 65±20 min for vascular kinking, RAT, and RVT, respectively. 11 of 13 grafts with vascular kinking or torsion were saved by immediate surgical intervention, but only 4 grafts of RAT group and 1 of RVT group could be saved by surgical intervention. In RAT cases, we reopened the anastomosis and performed very small venotomy. Then we washed and perfused graft with cold heparinized ringer solution; finally, revascularization was restored. Delayed graft function occurred in all cases of saved RAT and RVT but only in 5 (40%) cases of kinking or torsion vascular cases.Conclusion: Sudden cessation of urine after renal transplantation is a warning sign and immediate diagnosis of vascular event will help salvage graft with proper intervention.

Renal vein thrombosis (RVT) is the most frequent vascular abnormality in newborns, but rarely seen in adults. RVT is an acute problem, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches should be done immediately. Surgical thrombectomy is not a rational approach and the treatment of choice is conservative management and thrombolytic therapy. We present a 45 years old male patient with chronic renal vein thrombosis who was treated with thrombolytic therapy successfully.      

Objective: For investigation of intercropping of maize and faba bean, an experiment was conducted in Research Station of Agriculture Faculty of Tabriz University during growing season of 2013.Methods: Experimental design was randomized complete block design with three replications and seven treatment. Treatments included one row intercropping (1: 1), 4 strip intercropping pattern with ratios of (1: 2), (1: 3), (2: 1) and (2: 2) maize and faba bean and 2 treatments of faba bean and maize sole culture.Results: Based on results, grain yield and biological yield of two species in sole culture was significantly different from other species and reached their highest level. Evaluation of different patterns of intercropping using Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) showed that strip intercropping with ratio 2: 2 dedicated highest ratio of LER to itself. Regarding to maize as a major yield in all cropping patterns, economic value or Relative Value Total (RVT) was lower than one, but regarding to economic production of faba bean, RVT of all intercropping was more than one, and among them strip intercropping 2: 1 had highest RVT(9.65). Relative Crowding Coefficient (RCC) showed that in treatments which crowding one of two species is more than other, that species is superior competitively.

Intercropping is considered for increasing and stability of yield per unit. In order to study the effects of different intercropping arrangements on sorghum and mungbean yield and to find the land use advantage in the intercropping system, an experiment was carried out based on a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and three replications at the Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz in 2013. The treatments were as follows: sole cropping of sorghum, sole cropping of mung bean and five intercropping patterns of sorghum: mungbean with replacement ratios ((1: 1), (2: 1), (3: 1), (1: 2), (1: 3)) respectively. The results showed that the maximum grain yield was obtained from both species in monoculture treatment. The highest intercropping advantage (3.22) was related to treatment (1: 3). Also, the highest value of RYT was observed 1.36 in treatment (1: 1). Land equivalent ratio (LER) in all evaluated treatments was more than one. Thus, according to economic evaluation indices, sorghum and mungbean intercropping was economically justified in comparison with their sole cropping in Tabriz.

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the pathologic causes of renal allograft failure in transplant nephrectomy specimens. Materials and Methods: In this cross‑ sectional study performed in the referral transplant center of Isfahan, Iran, medical files of all patients who underwent nephrectomy in 2008– 2013 were studied. Age at transplantation, sex, donor’ s characteristics, causes of primary renal failure, duration of allograft function, and pathologic reasons of nephrectomy were extracted. Slides of nephrectomy biopsies were evaluated. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: Medical files of 39 individuals (male: 56. 4%; mean age: 35. 1 ± 16. 0 years) were evaluated. The main disease of patients was hypertension (17. 9%), and most cases (64. 1%) were nephrectomized < 6 months posttransplantation. Renal vein thrombosis (RVT) (51. 3%) and T‑ cell‑ mediated rejection (TCMR) (41. 0%) were the most prevalent causes of transplanted nephrectomy. Cause of primary renal failure was correlated to nephrectomy result (P = 0. 04). TCMR was the only pathologic finding in all of patients nephrectomized >2 years posttransplantation. There were 14 cases in which biopsy results showed a relationship between primary disease of patients and pathologic assessment of allograft (P = 0. 04). A significant relationship between transplantation‑ nephrectomy interval and both the nephrectomy result and histopathologic result existed (P < 0. 0001). A relationship between primary allograft biopsy appearance and further assessment of nephrectomized specimen (P < 0. 001) existed as well. Conclusion: The most pathologic diagnoses of nephrectomy in a period of less than and more than 6 months posttransplantation were RVT and TCMR, respectively. Early obtained allograft protocol biopsy is suggested, which leads to better diagnosis of allograft failure.