Mohammad Amin Astarabadi founded a school in the early 11th century and chose the title "Akhbari" for the fans and because of the existence of a similar group and also with the same beliefs among the predecessors, he considered his school to be an old school. Regardless of the accuracy of this claim and the similarity of the predecessors with the school he founded, regarding the definition of "Akhbari" and its distinction with "Osuli" (followers of the school of ijtihad), several opinions have been expressed that the author criticizes and examines each of them and The weakness of these views is that in order to define the school of Al-Akhbari, instead of addressing the intellectual components of Al-Akhbari, the motivation for the emergence of this school should be considered within the definition in order to distinguish the followers of this spectrum from followers of the school of Ijtihad Therefore, "Al-Akhbari is an idea that tries to purify the Imami thought from the ideas that have a Sunni background. " And the two main bases of the Akhbaris (excessive acceptance of narrations and disregard for rational rules) are both rooted in the idea of "rejection of thoughts with an Sunni background of Imami thought" and all the views that have been produced within this school are influenced by this same macro-intellectual paradigm.

The application of blockchain technology can have meaningful and significant effects on the "public domain", especially in the space of public governance, public culture and ethics, social issues, public health, public economy and transactions, public organizations and cyber security. Several studies have identified governance challenges for the application of blockchain in the public domain and have assessed some of its implications in the public governance space.Now, technology in its ups and downs history has manifested "postmodernism" in an objective way this time. Blockchain, on the one hand, has made it possible for a wider number of thoughts, opinions, and narratives to emerge, and on the other hand, it has made it possible to exercise decentralized and plural power; Both of these functions have led to the weakening and sometimes the destruction of the foundations of the government's authority and as if it has sounded the death knell of modern centralism.Blockchain in the space of cyber technology philosophy indicates the beginning of a new space in technological and social developments; Worlds based on decentralization, distributedness (based on distributed ledger technology), challenges the levels and levels of the previous social order - with an emphasis on decentralization or decentralization of central power and governance; It is on this basis that the regulatory institutions in the public space and governance of societies seek to determine their relationship with this transformative technology.Regarding blockchain technology, especially in the view of the creators of blockchain-based technological products such as cryptocurrencies, several metaphors have been proposed, and their analysis will be important in the blockchain ontology project. Based on the credit theory, among these metaphors, the metaphors that played a role in the beginning of this technology will have more important meanings.Blockchain technology, like any computer program in the cyber space, has emerged based on the logic of systems. In the following, we will further discuss the “Blockchain as System” metaphor, which we consider to be the “most comprehensive metaphor” about Blockchain and, beyond that, a kind of default for other metaphors. However, the author's assessment of the various metaphors related to blockchain, corresponding to the metaphor of blockchain as a system, can be divided into three levels:Transsystemic metaphors. Metaphors that are generally about the existence of blockchain technology, such as blockchain metaphors as a system, network, discourse. Metaphors about the structural and internal space of blockchain technology, such as the metaphors of address, code, coin.Bitcoin, Ethereum and other cryptocurrencies, and in a larger category of public and private blockchains, each is a product and system of blockchain technology, and each of these systems can be mentioned as a metaphor and example of blockchain; As in today's space, the most popular metaphor is "Blockchain as Bitcoin" and mainly in popular culture, people equate Blockchain with Bitcoin. In this type of metaphor, it is about how we get from a blockchain-based system (such as Bitcoin) to other blockchain-based systems (such as NFT) or to a blockchain-based meta-system.Blockchain is an algorithmic system and network that is both orderly and order-creating, and can take people out of the conventional and everyday order that humans and citizens have achieved today in interaction with government institutions and in the conditions of political and political governance. Blockchain, based on that internal order and social order creation, is powerful and empowering; There is a projective power in his institution that can transform the foundations of existence, knowledge, man and society; This block chain can build both human and society (human blockchainization) and blockchainize existing human societies (digital society) and develop and expand blockchain societies.Among blockchain metaphors, these three metaphors are more important than others: (1) Blockchain as cryptography. In blockchain, the nature of "message" is changed to "code" and on this basis, "meaning" is changed to "symbol". (2) Blockchain as a treasury. Blockchain, in addition to changing the nature of meaning, also changes the nature of power. Blockchain takes power from humans and turns it into cryptographic information in its treasury; stores power; It distributes power and ultimately supplies power. (3) Blockchain as God. Blockchain can be "everything" and contain anything; And at the same time not depend on anyone. Such a meaning will not lead to an understanding other than being "the Lord". Today's man is so intertwined in the digital society's taropods that, from the point of view of some, he will be able to achieve immortality by creating "immortality" in a digital artificial world. The design of categories such as "transhumanism" or transhumanism has become a basis for the realization of a post-humanist and post-humanist society.In a way, this view can be seen in a kind of new theology based on technolism. A view that is based on the metaphor of "technology as God" and believes that the absolute power in the world and in the not-so-distant future belongs to that technology, and it is with technological advances that the control of technology over everything, even humans, will be realized.Humans will gradually surrender their minds to the space of cloud computing and the logic of artificial intelligence algorithms, and life will be calculated, agreed upon and impossible to "make a mistake" (because it is impossible for a machine to make a mistake in its calculations); Based on this, imagine an orderly society without mistakes and problems, where everything is in its place and in the correct position; This is the "virtual paradise" provided by the digital God.

Social and political culture can be conceived as a trend consisting of ethical rules as its stractur, scientific thought as its process and dynamic knowledge of facts as its agenda Elhical rules are intedecd to solve structural problems, scientific that is aimed at gaining knowledge corresponding with the facts, and the agenenda is not affaring truth but reliable and dynamic knowledge of the facts, or an everdeveloping process of examing and comparing abstract though with the concrete entities. The three elements of structure, process and agenda, as mentioned above, constitute scientific culture. The International relations theory, as a scientific endevour, must be based on the triad, as indicated above in order to be capable of explaining and predicting, to some degree, the dynamic process of international relations. 

Over the past decade, the pattern of news consumption has changed dramatically, and audiences receiving news more and more through social media and mobile messengers. This trend began with the digitalization and convergence phenomenon, continued with the advent of networked journalism, and with the centralization of platforms led to fundamental changes in the news media ecosystem.The main mechanisms of the platforms, namely "datafication", "commodification" and "selection" have been influential in this transformational process. The platform algorithms also pursue three activities: "attraction", "facilitation" and "adaptation" to attract users/audiences, facilitate their movement on the platform and provide services based on their needs. Behavior of platforms has had various consequences, including the decline of traditional revenue models for the media and the migration of audiences and advertisers to platforms. Overall, the processes resulting from "platformization" have led to Redefining processes and the relationship between actors in the news media ecosystem. . .

This paper presents a thorough examination of recent progressions in additive manufacturing (AM) methodologies utilized within the biomedical realm, with particular attention to tissue engineering. Additive manufacturing provides exceptional precision in producing intricate three-dimensional objects using a variety of materials. Techniques such as Jetting, Material Extrusion, Material Jetting, Powder Bed Fusion, Sheet Lamination, and Vat Polymerization are strategically employed in biomedical applications to fulfill specific component requirements. Our focus is on polymer materials, encompassing both natural and synthetic variants, exploring the use of hydrogels for scaffold fabrication. We critically analyze the mechanical properties of these polymer scaffolds to enhance personalized patient care and mitigate implantation risks. Through careful adjustment of process parameters, this study illustrates the feasibility of achieving improved mechanical properties in manufactured components. This comprehensive review contributes to the ongoing discussion on advanced manufacturing methods for polymeric scaffolds in medical contexts, offering valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and industry experts.

In this article, the concept of roadmap has been redefined. Many definitions have been put forward by roadmap scientists and these definitions are sometimes similar to each other and in some cases different from one another. While some scientists, like Robert Fall, call it a tool, others like Galvin regard it as an approach. On the other hand, roadmap and strategy, both of which are important strategic issues, are also not very transparent. There is also a difference in the perception of experts in mapping. Differences or deficiencies in the concept of roadmap can lead to inaccurate planning. In this paper, the definitions of scientists as well as the experts’ perceptions are mapped by thematic analysis. The community of experts has been selected for the survey from managers and roadmap experts. According to the results of the analysis, roadmap is an integrated planning tool for strategy realization. In this definition, the concept of roadmap, its relationship to the strategy, and consequently its position in the strategic planning process have been clarified.