Regulatory regulation is now a tool in the hands of public institutions to achieve their goals and competencies. Local councils also among these institutions within the scope of their competence in local affairs. But just as any regulator is required to adhere to some principles in enacting regulations to achieve efficiency, transparency, supervisability and promotion of accountability; local councils, considering their nature and scope of action, are required to observe some criteria in which ameliorate the regulation by these institutions and judicial review of their regulations. Therefore, the problems of the decentralized system are also avoided as much as possible and the goals of such a system are realized. The present article seeks to examine the specific Requirements for the regulation of local councils by a descriptive-analytical approach. In this regard, the present article, by exploring the Constitution and the views of the Constitutional legislator and other laws and regulations and legal doctrine, has presented principles that can significantly meet the goals of good local regulation.

no abstract

Planners and decision - makers involve with a variety of activities undertaken at different spatial scales by national, regional or local organizations. They have to be aware of new techniques surrounding them. Geography Information System (GIS) is a set of computer sciences which can help planners in different areas such as housing, industry, environmental management, urban planning and so on. In this study the following titles, the object of GIS, types of data storage, hardware and software in a GIS environment, type of information systems, and application and user of GIS will be discussed.

Open Access (OA) movement has been started in the 1990s aiming to access to all scholarly literature. In order to follow the OA in horizon 2020, it was scheduled that all scientific publications and related data that result from research funded by public grants must be accessed and shared to the whole society without any restrictions. In order to implementing this goal, an initiative for the OA publishing was launched in 2018, named Plan S, which was supported by Coalition S, an international consortium of research funding to make the OA to research publications. The idea introduced after the Berlin declaration on the OA (2004) that have emphasized to access and share research outputs and their related data. Therefore, national and international organizations made some decisions in order to support this plan. According to our evaluations, it is reveal that regarding to several actions in recent decades on the OA, some considerations on the publication copyrights and their ownerships especially outputs generated form publicly funded research are continued. On the other hand, with emphasize of Coalition S protocol to access to the research outputs and their related raw data, some critical considerations should be stated, include organizational, individual, legal, behavioral, and cultural parameters. Consequently, due to all of these challenges, it seems that universal demand on open science and access to the scientific literature has been increased in the recent years, therefore, research policy makers and funders might to consider their situation concerning this decision.

Today, urban transformations have led to general changes due to increasing sensitivities to human and environmental well-being. So far, there have been many approaches to urban transformation that most notably of them include urban revitalization, urban redevelopment, and urban regeneration.Regeneration approach has a more comprehensive and integrated vision for solving urban problems, especially Brownfield which has many opportunities for urban transformation and improving people's quality of life. But its regeneration faces challenges in clean-up and redevelopment. To overcome these challenges, the strategy of urban catalyst can be applied due to being an instrument within the strategies of urban transformation that comes out of the texture and rehabilitates that. This research presents the concepts and basic Requirements of urban catalyst projects and their planning (political, management and leadership, legal, economic, social and environmental), design (underlying factors, Sense of location and identity) and implementation (4Ps model or public-private-people partnership) components for the acceleration of urban development. At the end, with the knowledge that every city has unique characteristic and it is not possible to adopt a single instruction for all cities, however, regarding to the global experiences, a common Brownfield regeneration process with the help of urban catalyst projects is presented by a proposed model in this study. If projects are understood and developed in accordance with what the city needs, they can deeply affect on the inefficient urban areas regeneration especially Brownfield.

Food consumers around the world are looking for pleasant and attractive food in terms of taste and appearance. At the same time, they seek its safety and healing. Food color is a major factor and one of the most important properties to its acceptance and selection. Dyes can enhance or mask the natural color of food, identify or decorate food. During the processing of foods, a significant amount of their original color is lost. This defect can be eliminated by using synthetic or natural food dyes. Due to the side effects of synthetic dyes such as multiple poisonings in the short and long term, allergenic reactions, behavioral and neurological effects, and consumer awareness, many synthetic food dyes have been replaced with natural ones today. In addition, natural dyes have antimicrobial, antioxidant, and therapeutic properties against diseases and health disorders. Anthocyanins, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, red beet derivatives, anato, chlorophylls, and some curcuminoids are some of the most widely used natural dyes that are legally available. This report aims to provide a scientific approach in the field of synthetic/natural food dyes. It also describes the industrial and biological technologies used to optimize food attractions, expiration dates, sustainability, public preferences, and prospects for the industry.