مقدمه: عوارض ناشی از زایمان زودرس شایعترین علت مرگ و میر نوزادان می باشد. طبق بررسی های انجام شده 80-75 درصد مرگ و میر و عوارض دوره نوزادی ناشی از تولد نارس (قبل از 37 هفته) می باشد.هدف: هدف از انجام این پژوهش تعیین برخی عوامل خطرساز مادری در ایجاد زایمان زودرس می باشد تا با شناخت این عوامل از تولد نوزاد نارس پیش گیری شود.مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه توصیفی- تحلیلی اطلاعات موجود در پرونده مادران و نوزادان نارس متولد شده از فروردین 86 تا فروردین 88 جمع آوری شده است. به این صورت که گروه مورد، شامل 360 زایمان نارس و گروه شاهد، شامل 360 زایمان ترم (بعد از 37 هفته حاملگی) می باشد. در این بررسی برخی اطلاعات مربوط به عوامل خطرساز مادری برای زایمان زودرس شامل سن مادر (سن پایین تر از 17 سال و بالاتر از 35 سال)، سابقه سقط قبلی، تعداد زایمان های قبلی، سابقه پره اکلامپسی، دیابت، واژینیت باکتریال، عفونت ادراری و پارگی زودرس کیسه آب در طی حاملگی از پرونده مادر و نوزاد استخراج گردید و مقایسه دو گروه به وسیله نرم افزار SPSS و آزمون Chi-square مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت.نتایج: در این تحقیق شیوع زایمان زودرس 6.1 درصد تخمین زده شده است و برای عوامل خطرسازی مثل دیابت مادر، عفونت ادراری در طی حاملگی، سن مادر، تعداد زایمان های قبلی و جنس جنین از نظر آماری تفاوت معنی داری بین دو گروه یافت نشد اما برای عوامل خطرسازی مثل واژینیت باکتریال مادر، پارگی زودرس کیسه آب، پره اکلامپسی، سابقه سقط قبلی و تعداد جنین بین دو گروه تفاوت معنی دار به دست آمد.نتیجه گیری: با پیش گیری از عفونت باکتریال ژنیتال، پارگی زودرس کیسه آب، شناخت و درمان به موقع پره اکلامپسی، جلوگیری از سقط های مکرر، القای تخمک گذاری بدون اندیکاسیون و به تبع آن ایجاد چندقلویی ایاتروژنیک میتوان از میزان تولد نوزادان نارس کاست و به دنبال آن میزان مرگ و میر نوزادان را کاهش داد.

مقدمه: شکستگی سوپراکوندیل هومروس یکی از شایع ترین شکستگی های آرنج در اطفال می باشد. این شکستگی ها حدود 16% شکستگی های اطفال را به خود اختصاص می دهند. Loss of reduction یکی از عوارض درمان بعد از جا اندازی اناتومیکی بسته و فیکساسیون پرکوتانیوس است. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی فاکتورهای دخیل در ایجاد عارضه loss of reduction است. روش کار: در یک مطالعه توصیفی تحلیلی کودکان دارای شکستگی سوپرا کوندیل هومروس بررسی شدند. 175 کودک زیر 10 سال با شکستگی های سوپراکوندیل هومروس تیپ 3 و 4، مواردی که تحت جاندازی بسته و پین گذاری قرار گرفته بودند وارد مطالعه شده اند. فاکتورهای مورد نظر براساس روش لجستیک رگرسیون مورد انالیز قرار گرفته است. نتایج: در این مطالعه 175 کودک زیر 10 سال شامل 71 دختر(40. 6%) و 104 پسر(59. 4%) با میانگین سنی 2. 4± 5. 4سال وارد مطالعه شده اند. در 153 مورد (87. 4%) جا اندازی اناتومیک و پایدار در دوره پیگیری وجود داشت ولی در 22 مورد(12. 6%) دچارloss of reduction شده بودند. مهمترین اختلال اناتومیکی ایجاد internal rotation displacement in medial distal part of fracture بوده است که در این 22 مورد مشاهده شده است. تکنیک جا گذاری پین ها و چاقی از عوامل مهم تاثیر گذار در از دست رفتن (failure of anatomical reduction) بوده است. به طوری که کودکان چاق (بالای صدک 85th و یا BMI>25)و جا گذاری پین ها از سمت لترال divergent بودند ولی در محل شکستگی cross می کردند به ترتیب با Odds ratio 1. 3(CI 95% 0. 8-2. 3) و Odds ratio 1. 8 (CI 95% 0. 9-3. 2) تاثیر داشتند 14 مورد(63. 6%) فیلر در مواردی بودند که پین در محل شکستگی کراس کرده بودند و 8 مورد (36. 6%) در کودکان چاق رخ داده بود. همچنین تیپ شکستگی تاثیری در نتایج درمانی نداشته است و تفاوتی مشاهده نشد نتیجه گیری: چاقی و تکنیک فیکساسیون از فاکتورهای موثر در loss of reduction شکستگی های سوپراکوندیل اطفال است. در کودکان چاق فیکساسیون مناسبcross برای جلوگیری از عوارض بایستی مد نظر باشد. متن کامل این مقاله به زبان انگلیسی می باشد. لطفا برای مشاهده متن کامل مقاله به بخش انگلیسی مراجعه فرمایید.لطفا برای مشاهده متن کامل این مقاله اینجا را کلیک کنید.

جهان از اواخر سال 2019 و اوایل سال 2020 درگیر پاندمی یک کورناویروس جدید شده است. در مقابله با این همه گیری عظیم، شیوه های اطلاع رسانی خطر (Risk communication) به آن ها و نحوه ی درک مردم از خطر (Risk perception)، نقش اساسی در تصمیم گیری و انتخاب رفتار صحیح دارد. مقابله با این بیماری نوظهور، نیازمند بسیج همه ی امکانات جامعه و همیاری همه ی مردم می باشد. این در حالی است که بی توجهی به اهمیت نحوه ی اطلاع رسانی و گاهی انتشار اطلاعات ضد و نقیض و نادرست، با تضعیف اعتماد عمومی، مانعی بزرگ در راه کنترل اپیدمی خواهد بود.

Abstract: This study sought to answer the question of what are the causes of marital infidelity in the Iranian family. To Answer the Research Question, Qualitative Meta-Synthesis (QMS) Method Were Used. Then, 78 Scientific Papers Which Were Considered Marital Infidelity in Iran were identified and were Analyzed. The results showed that the Factors of infidelity in Iran can be classified into 9 main categories, including: 1. Social Factors, 2. Psychological Factors, 3. Cultural Factors, 4. Family Factors, 5. Personal Factors, 6. Relational Factors, 7. Economic Factors, 8. Media Factors, 9. Contextual Factors. Each of the main Categories is divided into Different Subcategories. The Social Factors of infidelity were including “Infidelity Opportunities”, “Friend groups” and “Environmental Conditions”. Psychological Factors of Infidelity Were Including “Personality Type”, “Attachment Styles”, and their “Love Schema”. Cultural Factors have Pointed to “Change in Beliefs and values” and “the level of Religious Education” of people. The Family Factors were including “Inappropriate Marriage”, “Family Conflict” and “the Kind of Family Background of people”. The Personal Factors are “Sexual Dissatisfaction”, “Emotional Dissatisfaction”, “the Feeling of Loneliness”, “the Spouse Unavailability”, “Weakness in Controlling Spouse”, “Domestic Violence”, “Revenge of the Spouse” and “the Role of the Third Person in the Relationship”. The Economic Factors are including “the Economic Status of the person”, “the Role of Economic Problems”, “the motivation of entering into infidelity under the Pretext of Job promotion”. The media Factors Were Emphasized on “weakening Iranian Values through Social Media Networks and Foreign Satellite Channels” and “Producing of New Needs by Media”. Finally, the Contextual Factors were including the Role of “Age” and “Gender” in the Infidelity. Findings showed that Infidelity Occurred in the group of men and youth in Iran, more than other Social Groups.

Identifying the constraining Factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining Factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which Factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the Factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the Factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding Factors affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find Factors affecting travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which Factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which physical and non-physical characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the Factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which Factors affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which Factors affect travel behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the Factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of Factors affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between physical and non-physical Factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the Factors affecting travel behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the Factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different physical development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the Factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in patterns of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the Factors affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Facilitating cycling for children is of strategic importance in the development of cycling culture. In the present research, the main research question is What are the Factors enhancing elementary school males' preferences for cycling to school? It is necessary to simultaneously pay attention to items such as amending protective laws, social encouragement, and improving the quality of cycling infrastructure, in the form of a master plan. The present study aims to investigate how to develop cycling under indigenous conditions in Iran with an emphasis on elementary schools. By investigating Factors affecting the use of bicycles, identifying the obstacles to it, and providing suggestions for improving relevant cultural and social conditions, enhancing the quality of cycle paths, creating bike parking, and so on, the present research attempts to find realistic solutions to improve the adults' attitude toward cycling to encourage their children to cycle to their schools as well as to places within the neighborhood. For this purpose, 14 variables related to children's preferences for cycling are identified through documentary studies and unstructured interviews. Next, using a structured questionnaire and asking 256 students from seven elementary schools, the variables were statistically measured, and then, classified into four personal, environmental, social, and functional Factors through exploratory factor analysis. Results indicate that functional Factors not only have the most impact on the development of cycling but are also effective in improving other indicators. Finally, a model is developed and explained for promoting children's preferences for cycling through explanatory-exploratory analysis.

In this paper, a novel Risk-based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive power dispatch method in a wind-integrated power system is proposed which is more consistent with operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability Risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive power generation and active power loss. The proposed voltage instability Risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s experience, the wind speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the Risk index. The decision variables are the reactive power resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed Risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability Risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-based planning, the proposed Risk-based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.